Background: The rise of online education has introduced various challenges that can impact Students' Academic Self-efficacy (ASF). A comprehensive and localized tool to measure ASF in online courses in Iran is essential. This study aims to validate the transcultural adaptation and psychometric evaluation of the Online Learning Self-Efficacy Scale (OLSES) among high school seniors in Bandar Abbas City. Methods: This study involved the transcultural adaptation of the OLSES in 2022, with a sample of 1,080 high school seniors from Bandar Abbas, Iran, selected through cluster sampling. Participants completed the OLSES and the Academic Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (ASEQ) via Google Forms. The OLSES was translated using a back-translation method and evaluated for face and content validity by ten experts. Concurrent validity was assessed by correlating the OLSES with the ASEQ, while construct validity was analyzed through Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analyses (EFA and CFA) using SPSS 21 and LISREL 8.80. Reliability was measured using Cronbach’s alpha, test-retest, and split-half methods, with a significance level set at 0.05. Results: The OLSES demonstrated acceptable levels of face and content validity, as well as concurrent validity, construct validity, and reliability. The mean Content Validity Ratio (CVR) and Content Validity Index (CVI) were 0.88 and 0.83, respectively. The correlation coefficient between OLSES and ASEQ scores was 0.56. The OLSES revealed a valid three-factor structure, encompassing online learning self-efficacy, technology self-efficacy, and time management, which accounted for 63.606% of the total variance (25.87%, 18.78%, and 13.23%, respectively). CFA confirmed that the three-factor model fit the data better than a one-factor model, with fit indices indicating good model fit (SRMR=0.021, CMIN/DF=2.39). The OLSES retained 22 items throughout validity and reliability assessments, achieving a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.95 and test-retest reliability of 0.79. Conclusion: The OLSES is a valid and reliable measure of online learning self-efficacy among high school seniors, providing a valuable tool for assessing students' confidence in online learning environments. |
- Sanjari S, Soleimani MRM. Validation of the Knowledge Sharing Behavior Scale Among Nursing and Midwifery Faculty Members in Iran: Psychometric Properties and Cross-Cultural Adaptation. MEJRH. 2024;11(1). doi: 10.5812/mejrh-134886.
- Sanjari S, Soleimani MRM. Validation of the Persian Version of the Engagement in E-Learning Scale in Students of the School of Nursing and Midwifery in Iran. MEJRH. 2023;10(3). doi:10.5812/mejrh-134881.
- Chadda I, Kaur H. COVID pandemic and virtual classes: a study of students from Punjab. Asian Association of Open Universities Journal. 2021;16(2):193-210. doi: 10.1108/AAOUJ-02-2021-0017.
- Mohd Basar Z, Mansor A, Jamaludin K, Alias B. The Effectiveness and Challenges of Online Learning for Secondary School Students -A Case Study. Asian Journal of University Education. 2021;17(3):119-29. doi: 10.24191/ajue.v17i3.14514.
- Barrot JS, Llenares II, del Rosario LS. Students’ online learning challenges during the pandemic and how they cope with them: The case of the Philippines. Education and Information Technologies. 2021;26(6):7321-38. doi: 10.1007/s10639-021-10589-x.
- Qureshi J, Khaskheli W, Kazi A. Online Learning During Covid-19: Challenges And Benefits. Webology. 2023;19(3):3975-89.
- Tran VD. Perceived satisfaction and effectiveness of online education during the COVID-19 pandemic: the moderating effect of ASF. High Educ Pedagog. 2022;7(1):107-29. doi: 10.1080/23752696.2022.2113112.
- Gray J. Diloreto M. The Effects of Student Engagement, Student Satisfaction, and Perceived Learning in OLEs. IJELP. 2016;11:89-119.
- Hayat AA, Shateri K, Amini M, Shokrpour N. Relationships between ASF, learning-related emotions, and metacognitive learning strategies with academic performance in medical students: a structural equation model. BMC Med Educ. 2020;20(1):76. doi: 10.1186/s12909-020-01995-9. PubMed PMID: 32183804; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC7079530.
- Zhao Y, Zheng Z, Pan C, Zhou L. Self-Esteem and Academic Engagement Among Adolescents: A Moderated Mediation Model. Front Psychol. 2021;12:690828. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.690828. PubMed PMID: 34149576; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC8209251.
- Grøtan K, Sund ER, Bjerkeset O. Mental Health, ASF and Study Progress Among College Students - The SHoT Study, Norway. Front Psychol. 2019;10:45. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00045. PubMed PMID: 30733694; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC6354661.
- She L, Ma L, Jan A, Sharif Nia H, Rahmatpour P. Online Learning Satisfaction During COVID-19 Pandemic Among Chinese University Students: The Serial Mediation Model. Front Psychol. 2021;12:743936. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.743936. PubMed PMID: 34675851; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC8524086.
- Ma K, Chutiyami M, Zhang Y, Nicoll S. Online teaching self-efficacy during COVID-19: Changes, its associated factors and moderators. Educ Inf Technol (Dordr). 2021;26(6):6675-97. doi: 10.1007/s10639-021-10486-3.
- Schmid RF, Borokhovski E, Bernard RM, Pickup DI, Abrami PC. A meta-analysis of online learning, blended learning, the flipped classroom and classroom instruction for pre-service and in-service teachers. Comput Educ Open. 2023;5:100142. doi:10.1016/j.caeo.2023.100142.
- Konuralp H, Topping KJ. Underlying Factors Influencing the Quality of Online EFL Teaching in Higher Education: An Iranian Case Study. Interchange. 2023;54(3):353-77. doi: 10.1007/s10780-023-09499-3.
- Ahmadipour H. Online learning self-efficacy: A necessity for virtual education. J Educ Health Promot. 2022;11:113. doi: 10.4103/jehp.jehp_848_21. PubMed PMID: 35677254; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC9170221.
- Saidi M, Hossein M. Computer Self-efficacy and Perceptions of Online Learning during the Covid-19 Lockdown in Iran High Schools. JEPS. 2022;16:320-9. doi: 10.53543/jeps.vol16iss4pp320-329.
- Rajabiian M, Saeedi M, Khakshour A, Saeidi K, Alipour-Anbarani M. Iranian Students’ Satisfaction with Virtual Education during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review. Medical Education Bulletin. 2023;4(1):625-39. doi: 10.22034/meb.2023.387312.1074.
- Scholz U, Doña BG, Sud S, Schwarzer R. Is general self-efficacy a universal construct? Psychometric findings from 25 countries. Eur J Psychol Assess. 2002;18(3):242-51. doi: 10.1027/1015-5759.18.3.242.
- Schunk DH, Meece JL, Pintrich PR. Motivation in Education: Theory, Research, and Applications. 3rd London: Pearson; 2014.
- Chen G, Gully S, Eden D. Validation of a New General Self-Efficacy Scale. Organizational Research Methods - ORGAN RES METHODS. 2001;4. doi: 10.1177/109442810141004.
- Heidari A, Babaei Nezhad A. Evaluation of the relationship between emotional intelligence and social intelligence with employees’ job performance (Case study: General Department of Social Security of Kerman province). Political Sociology of Iran. 2022;4(4):4974-90. doi: 10.30510/psi.2022.343190.3480.
- Sanjari S, Soleimani MRM, Keramat A. Development and Validation of an Electronic Scale for Sexual Violence Experiences in Iranian Women. Crescent Journal of Medical & Biological Sciences. 2023;10(1). doi 10.34172/cjmb.2023.05.
- Haleem A, Javaid M, Qadri MA, Suman R. Understanding the role of digital technologies in education: A review. Sustainable Operations and Computers. 2022;3:275-85. doi: 10.1016/j.susoc.2022.05.004.
- Dhawan S. Online Learning: A Panacea in the Time of COVID-19 Crisis. Journal of Educational Technology Systems. 2020;49(1):5-22. doi: 10.1177/0047239520934018.
- Zimmerman WA, Kulikowich JM. Online Learning Self-Efficacy in Students With and Without Online Learning Experience. Am J Distance Educ. 2016;30(3):180-91. doi: 10.1080/08923647.2016.1193801.
- Ghafourifard M. The promotion of Virtual Education in Iran: The Potential which Turned into reality by Coronavirus. Iranian Journal of Medical Education. 2020;20(0):33-4. [In Persian]
- Azizi Z, Hosein nejad H. Opportunities and Threats of Virtual Learning in the Corona Pandemic Era: A Phenomenological Study. Information and Communication Technology in Educational Sciences. 2021;12(46):153-73. [In Persian]
- Yadollāhi S, Tavakoli Torghe E, Poorsālehi Navide M, Āzartāsh F. Online teaching problems during COVID 19 pandemic from teachers and parents’ viewpoints and suggesting practical solutions. Educational Innovations. 2021;20(3):117-45. doi: 10.22034/jei.2021.258967.1722.
- Beaton DE, Bombardier C, Guillemin F, Ferraz MB. Guidelines for the process of cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures. Spine. 2000;25(24):3186-91. doi: 10.1097/00007632-200012150-00014. PubMed PMID: 11124735.
- Negari Z, Babaei Nezhad A. Investigating the correlation between organizational transparency and organizational trust with the career path of employees (Case study: Bank Melli branches in Kerman). Iranian Journal of Political Sociology. 2022;4(4):1579-97. doi: 10.30510/psi.2022.317793.2734 [In Persian]
- Sanjari S, Rafati F, Amirfakhraei A, Mohamade Solymane MR, Karimi Afshar E. Evaluation of factor structure and validation of electronic form of CAQ fear of delivery questionnaire in pregnant women. Health Psychology. 2021;10(38):57-70. doi: 10.30473/hpj.2021.53031.4830. [In Persian]
- Sanjari S, Kamali A, Amirfakhraei A, Mohammadi Soleimani MR, Afshar EK. Construction and validation of a self-report violence scale in Iranian women. Journal of Fundamentals of Mental Health. 2021;23(3). doi: 10.22038/JFMH.2021.18583.
- Yeganeh H, Parvaresh H, Dehghani Ghanataghestani M, Mohammadi Soleimani M. Validation of the HSE Assessment Tools in the Kerman Province Steel Industry Complex: A Case Study. Journal of School of Public Health and Institute of Public Health Research. 2023;20(4):423-34.
- Jackson JE. Oblimin Rotation. Encyclopedia of Biostatistics; doi: 10.1002/0470011815.b2a13060
- Jinks J, Morgan V. Children’s Perceived ASF: An Inventory Scale. The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas. 1999;72(4):224-30. doi: 10.1080/00098659909599398.
- Jamali M, Noroozi A, Tahmasebi R. Factors Affecting ASF and Its Association with Academic Achievment among Students of Bushehr University Medical Sciences 2012-13. Iranian Journal of Medical Education. 2013;13(8):629-41. [In Persian]
- Yeganeh H, Parvaresh H, Dehghani M, Soltani M. Construction and Standardization of Performance Evaluation test of Health, Safety and Environment Management Systems of Industrial Sector Contractors. Journal of healthcare management. 2021;12(3):73-86.
- Sanjari S, Fakhraei AA, Soleimani MRM, Alidousti K. Validation of the Slade Fear of Childbirth Scale for Pregnancy in a Sample of Iranian Women: A Cross-sectional Study. Crescent Journal of Medical & Biological Sciences. 2022;9(3). doi: 10.34172/cjmb.2022.24.
- Torabi B, Amirfakhrae A, Rezaei Gazaki P, Mohammadi Soleimani MR. Investigation of Factor Structure and Validation of Ryff’s Psychological Well-Being Scale in Working Children in the Corona Crisis: A Descriptive Study. Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences. 2022;21(2):149-64. doi:10.52547/jrums.21.2.149. [In Persian]
- Yavuzalp N, Bahçivan E. The Online Learning Self-Efficacy Scale: Its Adaptation into Turkish and Interpretation According to Various Variables. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education. 2020;21:31-44. doi: 10.17718/tojde.674388.
- Barnard L, Lan WY, To YM, Paton VO, Lai S-L. Measuring self-regulation in online and blended learning environments. Internet High Educ. 2009;12(1):1-6. doi: 10.1016/j.iheduc.2008.10.005.
- Compeau DR, Higgins CA. Computer self-efficacy: Development of a measure and initial test. MIS quarterly. 1995:189-211.
- Ryan RM, Connell JP. Perceived Locus of Causality and Internalization: Examining Reasons for Acting in Two Domains. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1989;57(5):749. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.57.5.749.
|