The effect of test-enhanced spaced learning on the otolaryngology board and annual examination results: A quasi-experimental study

1. Byrne JH. Learning and Memory. 2nd ed. New York:
Macmillan Reference; 2003. 124 p.
2. Fields RD. Making memories stick. Sci Am.
2005;292(2):75-81.
3. Smolen P, Zhang Y, Byrne JH. The right time to learn:
mechanisms and optimization of spaced learning. Nat
Rev Neurosci. 2016;17(2):77-88.
4. Cepeda NJ, Pashler H, Vul E, Wixted JT, Rohrer
D. Distributed practice in verbal recall tasks: A
review and quantitative synthesis. Psychol Bull.
2006;132(3):354-80.
5. Cepeda NJ, Vul E, Rohrer D, Wixted JT, Pashler H.
Spacing effect in learning: a temporal ridgeline of
optimal retention. Psychol Sci. 2008;19(11):1095-102.
6. Lee TD, Genovese ED. Distribution of practice in motor
skill acquisition: learning and performance effects
reconsidered. Res Q Exerc Sport. 1988;59(4):277-87.
7. Kerfoot BP. Interactive spaced education versus
web based modules for teaching urology to medical
students: a randomized controlled trial. J Urol.
2008;179(6):2351-6.
8. Mathes EF, Frieden IJ, Cho CS, Boscardin CK.
Randomized controlled trial of spaced education
for pediatric residency education. J Grad Med Educ.
2014;6(2):270-4.

9. Gandhi M, Beasley A, Vinas E, Sangi-Haghpeykar
H, Ramin SM, Kilpatrick CC. Electronic Learning-
Spaced Education to Facilitate Resident Knowledge
and Guide Program Didactics. Obstet Gynecol.
2016;12(Suppl 1):23s-26s.
10. Blazek MC, Dantz B, Wright MC, Fiedorowicz JG.
Spaced learning using emails to integrate psychiatry
into general medical curriculum: Keep psychiatry in
mind. Med Teach. 2016;38(10):1049-55.
11. Andersen SA, Konge L, Caye-Thomasen P, Sorensen
MS. Learning Curves of Virtual Mastoidectomy in
Distributed and Massed Practice. JAMA otolaryngol
Head Neck Surg. 2015;141(10):913-8.
12. Mammarella N, Fairfield B, Di Domenico A. Does
emotion modulate the efficacy of spaced learning in
recognition memory? Cogent Psychol. 2014;1:986922.
13. Glover JA. The testing phenomenon: not gone but
nearly forgotten. J Educ Psychol. 1989;81(3):392-9.
14. Roediger HL, Karpicke JD. The power of testing
memory: basic research and implications for educational
practice. Perspect Psychol Sci. 2006;1(3):181-210.
15. Larsen D P, B utler A C, R oediger H L. T estenhanced
learning in medical education. Med Educ.
2008;42(10):959-66.
16. Evgeniou E, Loizou P. The theoretical base of

e-learning and its role in surgical education. J Surg
Educ. 2012;69(5):665-9.
17. Maertens H, Madani A, Landry T, Vermassen F,
Van Herzeele I, Aggarwal R. Systematic review
of e-learning for surgical training. Br J Surg.
2016;103(11):1428-37.
18. Yu AY, Tian SW, Vogel D, Kwok RC. Can
learning be virtually boosted? An investigation of
online social networking impacts? Comput Educ.
2010;55(4):1494-503.
19. Biggs J. Assessment and classroom learning: a
role for summative assessment? Assessment Educ.
1998;5(1):103-10.
20. Smeds MR, Thrush CR, Mizell JS, Berry KS, Bentley
FR. Mobile spaced education for surgery rotation
improves National Board of Medical Examiners scores.
J Surg Res. 2016;201(1):99-104.
21. Cecilio-Fernandes D, Cnossen F, Jaarsma DADC, Tio
RA. Avoiding Surgical Skill Decay: A Systematic
Review on the Spacing of Training Sessions. J Surg
Educ. 2018;75(2):471-80.
22. Kim ASN, Wong-Kee-You AMB, Wiseheart M,
Rosenbaum RS. The spacing effect stands up to big
data. Behav Res Methods. 2019;51: 8.
23. Larsen DP. Picking the right dose: the challenges of
applying spaced testing to education. J Grad Med
Educ. 2014;6(2):349-50.