Background: Mindfulness is defined as the deliberate and non-evaluative awareness of the current moment. This study examined the effects of two training techniques, specifically strength-endurance and balance training, on mindfulness, aggression control, and emotion regulation in female high school students. Methods: The study employed a quasi-experimental approach with a pretest and posttest design, conducted at a high school located in the 3rd district of Tehran, Iran in 2022. Among the 78 eligible female participants, 45 students were selected using a lottery method and were randomly assigned into three groups including body combat, body balance and control groups (each group including 15 participants). The experimental groups exposed to respected exercises for six weeks, with two weekly sessions lasting 45 to 60 minutes. The participants completed the Children and Adolescent Mindfulness Questionnaire (AAMS), the Aggression Questionnaire (AGQ), and the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ) in the pretest and posttest. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS version 26, employing ANOVA, paired t-test, ANCOVA, and LSD post hoc test. Results: BMI of the participants was 19.64±1.67. Results showed that in the posttest, body balance and body combat groups had significantly better scores than the control group in mindfulness (3.80±0.46, 3.52±0.68, and 2.95±0.35, respectively, P=0.023), aggression control (1.10±0.33, 1.57±0.47, and 1.77±0.32, respectively, P=0.001) and emotion regulation (5.62±0.52, 507±0.67, and 4.34±0.55, respectively, P<0.001). Moreover, body balance had significantly higher scores than body combat group in terms of mindfulness (P=0.041), aggression control (P=0.004) and emotion regulation (P<0.001). Conclusion: Body combat, and body balance training can be assumed as an important intervention for enhancing the mindfulness, aggression, and emotion regulation among female adolescents. These findings may have practical implications for school teachers, exercise psychologists and occupational therapists. |
- Caspersen CJ, Powell KE, Christenson GM. Physical activity, exercise, and physical fitness: Definitions and distinctions for health-related research. Public Health Rep. 1985;100(2):126-31. PubMed PMID: 3920711; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1424733. ##
- Thivel D, Tremblay A, Genin PM, Panahi S, Rivière D, Duclos M. Physical activity, inactivity, and sedentary behaviors: Definitions and implications in occupational health. Front. Public Health. 2018;6:288. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2018.00288. PubMed PMID: 30345266; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6182813. ##
- Janssen I, LeBlanc AG. Systematic review of the health benefits of physical activity and fitness in school-aged children and youth. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2010;7:40. doi; 10.1186/1479-5868-7-40. PubMed PMID: 20459784; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2885312. ##
- Marker AM, Steele RG, Noser AE. Physical activity and health-related quality of life in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Health Psychol. 2018;37(10):893-903. doi: 10.1037/hea0000653. PubMed PMID: 30234348. ##
- Poitras VJ, Gray CE, Borghese MM, Carson V, Chaput JP, Janssen I, et al. Systematic review of the relationships between objectively measured physical activity and health indicators in school-aged children and youth. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2016;41(6 Suppl 3):S197-239. doi: 10.1139/apnm-2015-0663. PubMed PMID: 27306431. ##
- Warburton DER, Bredin SSD. Health benefits of physical activity: a systematic review of current systematic reviews. Curr Opin Cardiol. 2017;32)55):541-556. doi: 10.1097/HCO.0000000000000437. PubMed PMID: 28708630. ##
- Huotari P, Nupponen H, Mikkelsson L, Laakso L, Kujala U. Adolescent physical fitness and activity as predictors of adulthood activity. J Sport Sci. 2011;29(11):1135-41. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2011.585166. PubMed PMID: 21777154. ##
- Telama R, Yang X, Viikari J, Välimäki I, Wanne O, Raitakari O. Physical activity from childhood to adulthood: A 21-year tracking study. Am J Prev Med. 2005;28(3):267-73. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2004.12.003. PubMed PMID: 15766614. ##
- Bull FC, Al-Ansari SS, Biddle S, Borodulin K, Buman MP, Cardon G, et al. World Health Organization 2020 guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour. Br J Sports Med. 2020;54(24):1451-1462. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2020-102955. PubMed PMID: 33239350; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC7719906. ##
- Muthuri SK, Wachira LJM, Leblanc AG, Francis CE, Sampson M, Onywera VO, et al. Temporal trends and correlates of physical activity, sedentary behavior, and physical fitness among school-aged children in Sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2014;11(3):3327-59. ##
- Myers AM, Beam NW, Fakhoury JD. Resistance training for children and adolescents. Transl Pediatr. 2017;6(3):137-143. doi: 10.21037/tp.2017.04.01. PubMed PMID: 28795003; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5532191. ##
- Falk B, Dotan R. [STRENGTH TRAINING IN CHILDREN]. Harefuah. 2019;158(8):515-519. PubMed PMID: 31407540. Hebrew. ##
- Guy JA, Micheli LJ. Strength training for children and adolescents. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2001;9(1):29-36. doi: 10.5435/00124635-200101000-00004. PubMed PMID: 11174161. ##
- Dahab KS, McCambridge TM. Strength training in children and adolescents: raising the bar for young athletes? Sports Health. 2009;1(3):223-6. doi: 10.1177/1941738109334215. PubMed PMID: 23015875; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3445252. ##
- Gäbler M, Prieske O, Hortobágyi T, Granacher U. The Effects of Concurrent Strength and Endurance Training on Physical Fitness and Athletic Performance in Youth: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Physiol. 2018;9:1057. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01057. PubMed PMID: 30131714; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6090054. ##
- Schedler S, Graf SM, Muehlbauer T. Effects of Different Balance Training Volumes on Children's Dynamic Balance. Sports Med Int Open. 2022;6(1):E32-E38. doi: 10.1055/a-1811-1145. PubMed PMID: 35836476; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC9276332. ##
- Schedler S, Brock K, Fleischhauer F, Kiss R, Muehlbauer T. Effects of Balance Training on Balance Performance in Youth: Are There Age Differences? Res Q Exerc Sport. 2020;91(3):405-414. doi: 10.1080/02701367.2019.1676371. PubMed PMID: 31906801. ##
- Wälchli M, Ruffieux J, Mouthon A, Keller M, Taube W. Is Young Age a Limiting Factor When Training Balance? Effects of Child-Oriented Balance Training in Children and Adolescents. Pediatr Exerc Sci. 2018;30(1):176-184. doi: 10.1123/pes.2017-0061. PubMed PMID: 28605259. ##
- Schedler S, Tenelsen F, Wich L, Muehlbauer T. Effects of balance training on balance performance in youth: role of training difficulty. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil. 2020;12(1):71. doi: 10.1186/s13102-020-00218-4. PubMed PMID: 33292455; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC7684745. ##
- Sattarpour Iranaghi F, Jamali Gharakhanlou Y, Moradikia H, Hemmati L. Comparison of the Effects of Physical Exercises and Anger Control Skill on Reducing Male Teenageers' Aggression. J Rehabil Med. 2019;7(4):143-152. doi: 10.22037/jrm.2018.111171.1809. Persian. ##
- Greco LA, Baer RA, Smith GT. Assessing mindfulness in children and adolescents: development and validation of the Child and Adolescent Mindfulness Measure (CAMM). Psychol Assess. 2011;23(3):606-14. doi: 10.1037/a0022819. PubMed PMID: 21480722. ##
- Buss AH, Perry M. The aggression questionnaire. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1992;63(3):452-9. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.63.3.452. PubMed PMID: 1403624. ##
- Carvajal BP, Molina-Martínez MÁ, Fernández-Fernández V, Paniagua-Granados T, Lasa-Aristu A, Luque-Reca O. Psychometric properties of the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ) in Spanish older adults. Aging Ment Health. 2022;26(2):413-422. doi: 10.1080/13607863.2020.1870207. PubMed PMID: 33463369. ##
- Sanger KL, Thierry G, Dorjee D. Effects of school-based mindfulness training on emotion processing and well-being in adolescents: evidence from event-related potentials. Dev Sci. 2018;21(5):e12646. doi: 10.1111/desc.12646. PubMed PMID: 29356254; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6175003. ##
- van de Weijer-Bergsma E, Formsma AR, de Bruin EI, Bögels SM. The Effectiveness of Mindfulness Training on Behavioral Problems and Attentional Functioning in Adolescents with ADHD. J Child Fam Stud. 2012;21(5):775-787. doi: 10.1007/s10826-011-9531-7. PubMed PMID: 22993482; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3438398. ##
- Zhang D, Lee EKP, Mak ECW, Ho CY, Wong SYS. Mindfulness-based interventions: an overall review. Br Med Bull. 2021;138(1):41-57. doi: 10.1093/bmb/ldab005. PubMed PMID: 33884400; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC8083197. ##
- Wang Y, Lei SM, Fan J. Effects of Mindfulness-Based Interventions on Promoting Athletic Performance and Related Factors among Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trial. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023;20(3):2038. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20032038. PubMed PMID: 36767403; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC9915077. ##
- Tarrasch R, Berger R. Comparing Indirect and Combined Effects of Mindfulness and Compassion Practice Among Schoolchildren on Inter- and Intra-personal Abilities. Mindfulness (N Y). 2022;13(9):2282-2298. doi: 10.1007/s12671-022-01955-y. PubMed PMID: 35992222; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC9381396. ##
- Bockmann JO, Yu SY. Using Mindfulness-Based Interventions to Support Self-regulation in Young Children: A Review of the Literature. Early Child Educ J. 2023;51(4):693-703. doi: 10.1007/s10643-022-01333-2. PubMed PMID: 35340825; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC8936381. ##
- Woollacott M, Shumway-Cook A, Hutchinson S, Ciol M, Price R, Kartin D. Effect of balance training on muscle activity used in recovery of stability in children with cerebral palsy: a pilot study. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2005;47(7):455-61. doi: 10.1017/s0012162205000885. PubMed PMID: 15991865. ##
- Muehlbauer T, Grundmann A, Vortkamp L, Schedler S. Effect of balance training on static and dynamic balance performance in male adolescents: role of training frequency. BMC Res Notes. 2022;15(1):365. doi: 10.1186/s13104-022-06177-y. PubMed PMID: 36503678; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC9743712. ##
- Gupta S, Rao BK, Kumaran SD. Effect of strength and balance training in children with Down's syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil. 2011;25(5):425-32. doi: 10.1177/0269215510382929. PubMed PMID: 21059663. ##
- Roșca AM, Rusu L, Marin MI, Ene Voiculescu V, Ene Voiculescu C. Physical Activity Design for Balance Rehabilitation in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Children (Basel). 2022;9(8):1152. doi: 10.3390/children9081152. PubMed PMID: 36010043; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC9406473. ##
- Gauvin-Lepage J, Friedman D, Grilli L, Sufrategui M, De Matteo C, Iverson GL, et al. Effectiveness of an Exercise-Based Active Rehabilitation Intervention for Youth Who Are Slow to Recover After Concussion. Clin J Sport Med. 2020;30(5):423-432. doi: 10.1097/JSM.0000000000000634. PubMed PMID: 30095507. ##
- Li J, Jiang X, Huang Z, Shao T. Exercise intervention and improvement of negative emotions in children: a meta-analysis. BMC Pediatr. 2023;23(1):411. doi: 10.1186/s12887-023-04247-z. PubMed PMID: 37608261; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC10464442. ##
- Tkacz J, Young-Hyman D, Boyle CA, Davis CL. Aerobic exercise program reduces anger expression among overweight children. Pediatr Exerc Sci. 2008;20(4):390-401. doi: 10.1123/pes.20.4.390. PubMed PMID: 19168916; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2678873. ##
- Li J, Huang Z, Si W, Shao T. The Effects of Physical Activity on Positive Emotions in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(21):14185. doi: 10.3390/ijerph192114185. PubMed PMID: 36361067; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC9657539. ##
- Arabi Z, Moghaddam LF, Sahebalzamani M. The effect of emotion regulation training on family relationships of hyperactive children. J Educ Health Promot. 2020;9:101. doi: 10.4103/jehp.jehp_738_19. PubMed PMID: 32509909; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC7271928. ##
- Tse ACY. Brief Report: Impact of a Physical Exercise Intervention on Emotion Regulation and Behavioral Functioning in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Autism Dev Disord. 2020;50(11):4191-4198. doi: 10.1007/s10803-020-04418-2. PubMed PMID: 32130593. ##
- Wyman PA, Cross W, Hendricks Brown C, Yu Q, Tu X, Eberly S. Intervention to strengthen emotional self-regulation in children with emerging mental health problems: proximal impact on school behavior. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2010;38(5):707-20. doi: 10.1007/s10802-010-9398-x. PubMed PMID: 20180009; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2880630. ##
- Dell'Aversana V, Tofani M, Valente D. Emotional Regulation Interventions on Developmental Course for Preterm Children: A Systematic Review of Randomized Control Trials. Children (Basel). 2023;10(3):603. doi: 10.3390/children10030603. PubMed PMID: 36980161; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC10047217. ##
|