LinkedIn

 آمار

تعداد نشریات20
تعداد شماره‌ها1,154
تعداد مقالات10,540
تعداد مشاهده مقاله45,759,487
تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله11,366,584
Nouruzi, Samane, Vasheghani Farahani, Ali, Rezaeizadeh, Hossein, Ghafouri, Parham, Ghorashi, Seyyed Mojtaba, Omidi, Negar. (1401). Platelet Aggregation Inhibition: An Evidence-Based Systematic Review on the Role of Herbs for Primary Prevention Based on Randomized Controlled Trials. سامانه مدیریت نشریات علمی, 47(6), 505-516. doi: 10.30476/ijms.2021.91328.2247
Samane Nouruzi; Ali Vasheghani Farahani; Hossein Rezaeizadeh; Parham Ghafouri; Seyyed Mojtaba Ghorashi; Negar Omidi. "Platelet Aggregation Inhibition: An Evidence-Based Systematic Review on the Role of Herbs for Primary Prevention Based on Randomized Controlled Trials". سامانه مدیریت نشریات علمی, 47, 6, 1401, 505-516. doi: 10.30476/ijms.2021.91328.2247
Nouruzi, Samane, Vasheghani Farahani, Ali, Rezaeizadeh, Hossein, Ghafouri, Parham, Ghorashi, Seyyed Mojtaba, Omidi, Negar. (1401). 'Platelet Aggregation Inhibition: An Evidence-Based Systematic Review on the Role of Herbs for Primary Prevention Based on Randomized Controlled Trials', سامانه مدیریت نشریات علمی, 47(6), pp. 505-516. doi: 10.30476/ijms.2021.91328.2247
Nouruzi, Samane, Vasheghani Farahani, Ali, Rezaeizadeh, Hossein, Ghafouri, Parham, Ghorashi, Seyyed Mojtaba, Omidi, Negar. Platelet Aggregation Inhibition: An Evidence-Based Systematic Review on the Role of Herbs for Primary Prevention Based on Randomized Controlled Trials. سامانه مدیریت نشریات علمی, 1401; 47(6): 505-516. doi: 10.30476/ijms.2021.91328.2247

Platelet Aggregation Inhibition: An Evidence-Based Systematic Review on the Role of Herbs for Primary Prevention Based on Randomized Controlled Trials

Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences
مقاله 2، دوره 47، شماره 6، بهمن 2022، صفحه 505-516    اصل مقاله (306.86 K)
نوع مقاله: Review Article
شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.30476/ijms.2021.91328.2247
نویسندگان
Samane Nouruzi؛ Ali Vasheghani Farahani؛ Hossein Rezaeizadeh؛ Parham Ghafouri؛ Seyyed Mojtaba Ghorashi؛ Negar Omidi*
Cardiac Primary Prevention Research Center, Cardiovascular Disease Research Institute, Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
چکیده
Background: Platelet aggregation is a crucial mechanism in the progression of atherothrombotic events. This systematic review aims to introduce the plants studied in healthy people as the primary prevention to inhibit platelet aggregation. We also discuss possible mechanisms that are involved in the inhibition of platelet aggregation.
Methods: A systematic search on the electronic medical databases from 1970 to February 2020 was performed. The selected keywords were: “herb”, “plant”, “platelet aggregation”, “platelet activation”, “clinical trial”, “randomized” and “controlled”. 
Results: The result of the initial search was a pool of 136 articles. After initial abstract reviewing, there were 55 relevant articles. Finally, 28 eligible records fulfilled our inclusion criteria to enter the qualitative synthesis process. 
Conclusion: Out of the 10 plants evaluated in the clinical trials, nine had inhibitory effects on platelet aggregation. Most of the reviewed plants, including tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L), garlic (Allium sativum), kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa), cacao (Theobroma cacao), grape (Vitis vinifera), ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba), flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum), sea buckthorn berry (Hippophae), and argan (Argania spinose) could be potential sources for the primary prevention of atherothrombotic events at an appropriate dosage. Finally, we do not consider phytoceuticals as a replacement for the guideline-directed medical treatment. Large randomized double-blind clinical trials are required to evaluate the anti-platelet characteristics of these plants for the adjuvant primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. 
کلیدواژه‌ها
Systematic review؛ Herbal medicine؛ Plants؛ Platelet aggregation؛ Primary prevention
سایر فایل های مرتبط با مقاله
مراجع
  1. Mokdad AH, Mensah GA, Krish V, Glenn SD, Miller-Petrie MK, Lopez AD, et al. Global, Regional, National, and Subnational Big Data to Inform Health Equity Research: Perspectives from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Ethn Dis. 2019;29:159-72. doi: 10.18865/ed.29.S1.159. PubMed PMID: 30906165; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC6428171.
  2. Davi G, Patrono C. Platelet activation and atherothrombosis. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:2482-94. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra071014. PubMed PMID: 18077812.
  3. Palomo I, Toro C, Alarcon M. The role of platelets in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis (Review). Mol Med Rep. 2008;1:179-84. PubMed PMID: 21479394.
  4. Endler G, Klimesch A, Sunder-Plassmann H, Schillinger M, Exner M, Mannhalter C, et al. Mean platelet volume is an independent risk factor for myocardial infarction but not for coronary artery disease. Br J Haematol. 2002;117:399-404. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.2002.03441.x. PubMed PMID: 11972524.
  5. Shah SMA, Akram M, Riaz M, Munir N, Rasool G. Cardioprotective Potential of Plant-Derived Molecules: A Scientific and Medicinal Approach. Dose Response. 2019;17:1559325819852243. doi: 10.1177/1559325819852243. PubMed PMID: 31205459; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC6537262.
  6. Harvey AL. Natural products in drug discovery. Drug Discov Today. 2008;13:894-901. doi: 10.1016/j.drudis.2008.07.004. PubMed PMID: 18691670.
  7. McEwen BJ. The influence of herbal medicine on platelet function and coagulation: a narrative review. Semin Thromb Hemost. 2015;41:300-14. doi: 10.1055/s-0035-1549089. PubMed PMID: 25839871.
  8. Rogers KL, Grice ID, Griffiths LR. Inhibition of platelet aggregation and 5-HT release by extracts of Australian plants used traditionally as headache treatments. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2000;9:355-63. doi: 10.1016/s0928-0987(99)00074-3. PubMed PMID: 10664475.
  9. McKay DL, Blumberg JB. Cranberries (Vaccinium macrocarpon) and cardiovascular disease risk factors. Nutr Rev. 2007;65:490-502. doi: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2007.tb00273.x. PubMed PMID: 18038941.
  10. Naemura A, Mitani T, Ijiri Y, Tamura Y, Yamashita T, Okimura M, et al. Anti-thrombotic effect of strawberries. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis. 2005;16:501-9. doi: 10.1097/01.mbc.0000184737.50594.a8. PubMed PMID: 16175010.
  11. Son DJ, Cho MR, Jin YR, Kim SY, Park YH, Lee SH, et al. Antiplatelet effect of green tea catechins: a possible mechanism through arachidonic acid pathway. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2004;71:25-31. doi: 10.1016/j.plefa.2003.12.004. PubMed PMID: 15172681.
  12. Mattiello T, Trifiro E, Jotti GS, Pulcinelli FM. Effects of pomegranate juice and extract polyphenols on platelet function. J Med Food. 2009;12:334-9. doi: 10.1089/jmf.2007.0640. PubMed PMID: 19459734.
  13. Alarcon M, Fuentes E, Olate N, Navarrete S, Carrasco G, Palomo I. Strawberry extract presents antiplatelet activity by inhibition of inflammatory mediator of atherosclerosis (sP-selectin, sCD40L, RANTES, and IL-1beta) and thrombus formation. Platelets. 2015;26:224-9. doi: 10.3109/09537104.2014.898747. PubMed PMID: 24749953.
  14. Briggs WH, Folts JD, Osman HE, Goldman IL. Administration of raw onion inhibits platelet-mediated thrombosis in dogs. J Nutr. 2001;131:2619-22. doi: 10.1093/jn/131.10.2619. PubMed PMID: 11584080.
  15. Demrow HS, Slane PR, Folts JD. Administration of wine and grape juice inhibits in vivo platelet activity and thrombosis in stenosed canine coronary arteries. Circulation. 1995;91:1182-8. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.91.4.1182. PubMed PMID: 7850957.
  16. Steiner M, Li W. Aged garlic extract, a modulator of cardiovascular risk factors: a dose-finding study on the effects of AGE on platelet functions. J Nutr. 2001;131:980S-4S. doi: 10.1093/jn/131.3.980S. PubMed PMID: 11238801.
  17. Kudolo GB, Wang W, Barrientos J, Elrod R, Blodgett J. The ingestion of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) inhibits arachidonic acid-mediated platelet aggregation and thromboxane B2 production in healthy volunteers. J Herb Pharmacother. 2004;4:13-26. PubMed PMID: 15927922.
  18. Palomo I, Concha-Meyer A, Lutz M, Said M, Saez B, Vasquez A, et al. Chemical Characterization and Antiplatelet Potential of Bioactive Extract from Tomato Pomace (Byproduct of Tomato Paste). Nutrients. 2019;11. doi: 10.3390/nu11020456. PubMed PMID: 30813256; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC6412684.
  19. Guthrie R. Review and management of side effects associated with antiplatelet therapy for prevention of recurrent cerebrovascular events. Adv Ther. 2011;28:473-82. doi: 10.1007/s12325-011-0026-0. PubMed PMID: 21547541.
  20. Duttaroy AK, Jorgensen A. Effects of kiwi fruit consumption on platelet aggregation and plasma lipids in healthy human volunteers. Platelets. 2004;15:287-92. doi: 10.1080/09537100410001710290. PubMed PMID: 15370099.
  21. Bijak M, Sut A, Kosiorek A, Saluk-Bijak J, Golanski J. Dual Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet Activity of Polyphenolic Grape Seeds Extract. Nutrients. 2019;11. doi: 10.3390/nu11010093. PubMed PMID: 30621248; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC6356405.
  22. Rahman K. Effects of garlic on platelet biochemistry and physiology. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2007;51:1335-44. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.200700058. PubMed PMID: 17966136.
  23. Steiner M, Lin RS. Changes in platelet function and susceptibility of lipoproteins to oxidation associated with administration of aged garlic extract. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1998;31:904-8. doi: 10.1097/00005344-199806000-00014. PubMed PMID: 9641475.
  24. Husereau D, Drummond M, Petrou S, Carswell C, Moher D, Greenberg D, et al. Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards (CHEERS) statement. Int J Technol Assess Health Care. 2013;29:117-22. doi: 10.1017/S0266462313000160. PubMed PMID: 23587340.
  25. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, Group P. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Ann Intern Med. 2009;151:264-9. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-151-4-200908180-00135. PubMed PMID: 19622511.
  26. Lazarus SA, Bowen K, Garg ML. Tomato juice and platelet aggregation in type 2 diabetes. JAMA. 2004;292:805-6. doi: 10.1001/jama.292.7.805. PubMed PMID: 15315994.
  27. O’Kennedy N, Crosbie L, Whelan S, Luther V, Horgan G, Broom JI, et al. Effects of tomato extract on platelet function: a double-blinded crossover study in healthy humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;84:561-9. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/84.3.561. PubMed PMID: 16960170.
  28. Morris J, Burke V, Mori TA, Vandongen R, Beilin LJ. Effects of garlic extract on platelet aggregation: a randomized placebo-controlled double-blind study. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 1995;22:414-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.1995.tb02032.x. PubMed PMID: 8582091.
  29. Kiesewetter H, Jung F, Jung EM, Mroweitz C, Koscielny J, Wenzel E. Effect of garlic on platelet aggregation in patients with increased risk of juvenile ischaemic attack. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1993;45:333-6. doi: 10.1007/BF00265950. PubMed PMID: 8299665.
  30. Scharbert G, Kalb ML, Duris M, Marschalek C, Kozek-Langenecker SA. Garlic at dietary doses does not impair platelet function. Anesth Analg. 2007;105:1214-8. doi: 10.1213/01.ane.0000287253.92211.06. PubMed PMID: 17959943.
  31. Legnani C, Frascaro M, Guazzaloca G, Ludovici S, Cesarano G, Coccheri S. Effects of a dried garlic preparation on fibrinolysis and platelet aggregation in healthy subjects. Arzneimittelforschung. 1993;43:119-22. PubMed PMID: 8457236.
  32. Karlsen A, Svendsen M, Seljeflot I, Laake P, Duttaroy AK, Drevon CA, et al. Kiwifruit decreases blood pressure and whole-blood platelet aggregation in male smokers. J Hum Hypertens. 2013;27:126-30. doi: 10.1038/jhh.2011.116. PubMed PMID: 22258209.
  33. Brevik A, Gaivao I, Medin T, Jorgenesen A, Piasek A, Elilasson J, et al. Supplementation of a western diet with golden kiwifruits (Actinidia chinensis var.’Hort 16A’:) effects on biomarkers of oxidation damage and antioxidant protection. Nutr J. 2011;10:54. doi: 10.1186/1475-2891-10-54. PubMed PMID: 21586177; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3118331.
  34. Innes AJ, Kennedy G, McLaren M, Bancroft AJ, Belch JJ. Dark chocolate inhibits platelet aggregation in healthy volunteers. Platelets. 2003;14:325-7. doi: 10.1080/0953710031000123681. PubMed PMID: 12944249.
  35. Ottaviani JI, Balz M, Kimball J, Ensunsa JL, Fong R, Momma TY, et al. Safety and efficacy of cocoa flavanol intake in healthy adults: a randomized, controlled, double-masked trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2015;102:1425-35. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.115.116178. PubMed PMID: 26537937.
  36. Ostertag LM, Kroon PA, Wood S, Horgan GW, Cienfuegos-Jovellanos E, Saha S, et al. Flavan-3-ol-enriched dark chocolate and white chocolate improve acute measures of platelet function in a gender-specific way--a randomized-controlled human intervention trial. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2013;57:191-202. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.201200283. PubMed PMID: 23136121.
  37. Rein D, Paglieroni TG, Wun T, Pearson DA, Schmitz HH, Gosselin R, et al. Cocoa inhibits platelet activation and function. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;72:30-5. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/72.1.30. PubMed PMID: 10871557.
  38. Keevil JG, Osman HE, Reed JD, Folts JD. Grape juice, but not orange juice or grapefruit juice, inhibits human platelet aggregation. J Nutr. 2000;130:53-6. doi: 10.1093/jn/130.1.53. PubMed PMID: 10613766.
  39. Bazan-Salinas IL, Matias-Perez D, Perez-Campos E, Perez-Campos Mayoral L, Garcia-Montalvo IA. Reduction of Platelet Aggregation From Ingestion of Oleic and Linoleic Acids Found in Vitis vinifera and Arachis hypogaea Oils. Am J Ther. 2016;23:e1315-e9. doi: 10.1097/MJT.0000000000000185. PubMed PMID: 25741817.
  40. Polagruto JA, Gross HB, Kamangar F, Kosuna K, Sun B, Fujii H, et al. Platelet reactivity in male smokers following the acute consumption of a flavanol-rich grapeseed extract. J Med Food. 2007;10:725-30. doi: 10.1089/jmf.2007.402. PubMed PMID: 18158849.
  41. Ras RT, Zock PL, Zebregs YE, Johnston NR, Webb DJ, Draijer R. Effect of polyphenol-rich grape seed extract on ambulatory blood pressure in subjects with pre- and stage I hypertension. Br J Nutr. 2013;110:2234-41. doi: 10.1017/S000711451300161X. PubMed PMID: 23702253.
  42. Kohler S, Funk P, Kieser M. Influence of a 7-day treatment with Ginkgo biloba special extract EGb 761 on bleeding time and coagulation: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study in healthy volunteers. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis. 2004;15:303-9. doi: 10.1097/00001721-200406000-00003. PubMed PMID: 15166915.
  43. Djurica D, Holt RR, Ren J, Shindel AW, Hackman RM, Keen CL. Effects of a dietary strawberry powder on parameters of vascular health in adolescent males. Br J Nutr. 2016;116:639-47. doi: 10.1017/S0007114516002348. PubMed PMID: 27464461.
  44. Allman MA, Pena MM, Pang D. Supplementation with flaxseed oil versus sunflowerseed oil in healthy young men consuming a low fat diet: effects on platelet composition and function. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1995;49:169-78. PubMed PMID: 7774533.
  45. Kaul N, Kreml R, Austria JA, Richard MN, Edel AL, Dibrov E, et al. A comparison of fish oil, flaxseed oil and hempseed oil supplementation on selected parameters of cardiovascular health in healthy volunteers. J Am Coll Nutr. 2008;27:51-8. doi: 10.1080/07315724.2008.10719674. PubMed PMID: 18460481.
  46. Edel AL, Patenaude AF, Richard MN, Dibrov E, Austria JA, Aukema HM, et al. The effect of flaxseed dose on circulating concentrations of alpha-linolenic acid and secoisolariciresinol diglucoside derived enterolignans in young, healthy adults. Eur J Nutr. 2016;55:651-63. doi: 10.1007/s00394-015-0885-2. PubMed PMID: 25808116.
  47. Johansson AK, Korte H, Yang B, Stanley JC, Kallio HP. Sea buckthorn berry oil inhibits platelet aggregation. J Nutr Biochem. 2000;11:491-5. doi: 10.1016/s0955-2863(00)00105-4. PubMed PMID: 11120446.
  48. Velmurugan S, Kapil V, Ghosh SM, Davies S, McKnight A, Aboud Z, et al. Antiplatelet effects of dietary nitrate in healthy volunteers: involvement of cGMP and influence of sex. Free Radic Biol Med. 2013;65:1521-32. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.06.031. PubMed PMID: 23806384; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3878381.
  49. Dutta-Roy AK, Gordon MJ, Kelly C, Hunter K, Crosbie L, Knight-Carpentar T, et al. Inhibitory effect of Ginkgo biloba extract on human platelet aggregation. Platelets. 1999;10:298-305. doi: 10.1080/09537109975933. PubMed PMID: 16801106.
  50. Olas B, Kontek B, Szczesna M, Grabarczyk L, Stochmal A, Zuchowski J. Inhibition of blood platelet adhesion by phenolics’ rich fraction of Hippophae rhamnoides L. fruits. J Physiol Pharmacol. 2017;68:223-9. PubMed PMID: 28614772.
  51. Lawson LD, Ransom DK, Hughes BG. Inhibition of whole blood platelet-aggregation by compounds in garlic clove extracts and commercial garlic products. Thromb Res. 1992;65:141-56. doi: 10.1016/0049-3848(92)90234-2. PubMed PMID: 1579891.
  52. Parikh M, Netticadan T, Pierce GN. Flaxseed: its bioactive components and their cardiovascular benefits. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2018;314:H146-H59. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.00400.2017. PubMed PMID: 29101172.
  53. Haimeur A, Messaouri H, Ulmann L, Mimouni V, Masrar A, Chraibi A, et al. Argan oil prevents prothrombotic complications by lowering lipid levels and platelet aggregation, enhancing oxidative status in dyslipidemic patients from the area of Rabat (Morocco). Lipids Health Dis. 2013;12:107. doi: 10.1186/1476-511X-12-107. PubMed PMID: 23870174; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3751630.
  54. Ryou SH, Kang MS, Kim KI, Kang YH, Kang JS. Effects of green tea or Sasa quelpaertensis bamboo leaves on plasma and liver lipids, erythrocyte Na efflux, and platelet aggregation in ovariectomized rats. Nutr Res Pract. 2012;6:106-12. doi: 10.4162/nrp.2012.6.2.106. PubMed PMID: 22586498; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3349031.
  55. Antolic A, Males Z, Tomicic M, Bojic M. The Effect of Short-Toothed and DalmatianSage Extracts on Platelet Aggregation. Food Technol Biotechnol. 2018;56:265-9. doi: 10.17113/ftb.56.02.18.5474. PubMed PMID: 30228801; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC6117995.
  56. Giglio RV, Patti AM, Cicero AFG, Lippi G, Rizzo M, Toth PP, et al. Polyphenols: Potential Use in the Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases. Curr Pharm Des. 2018;24:239-58. doi: 10.2174/1381612824666180130112652. PubMed PMID: 29384050.
  57. Ludovici V, Barthelmes J, Nagele MP, Flammer AJ, Sudano I. Polyphenols: Anti-Platelet Nutraceutical? Curr Pharm Des. 2018;24:146-57. doi: 10.2174/1381612823666171109104600. PubMed PMID: 29119922.
  58. Biswas D, Uddin MM, Dizdarevic LL, Jorgensen A, Duttaroy AK. Inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme by aqueous extract of tomato. Eur J Nutr. 2014;53:1699-706. doi: 10.1007/s00394-014-0676-1. PubMed PMID: 24573416.
  59. Murphy KJ, Chronopoulos AK, Singh I, Francis MA, Moriarty H, Pike MJ, et al. Dietary flavanols and procyanidin oligomers from cocoa (Theobroma cacao) inhibit platelet function. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003;77:1466-73. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/77.6.1466. PubMed PMID: 12791625.
  60. Natella F, Nardini M, Virgili F, Scaccini C. Role of dietary polyphenols in the platelet aggregation network - a review of the in vitro studies. Curr Top Nutraceutical Res. 2006;4.
  61. Vitseva O, Varghese S, Chakrabarti S, Folts JD, Freedman JE. Grape seed and skin extracts inhibit platelet function and release of reactive oxygen intermediates. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2005;46:445-51. doi: 10.1097/01.fjc.0000176727.67066.1c. PubMed PMID: 16160595.
  62. Chew B, Mathison B, Kimble L, McKay D, Kaspar K, Khoo C, et al. Chronic consumption of a low calorie, high polyphenol cranberry beverage attenuates inflammation and improves glucoregulation and HDL cholesterol in healthy overweight humans: a randomized controlled trial. Eur J Nutr. 2019;58:1223-35. doi: 10.1007/s00394-018-1643-z. PubMed PMID: 29476238; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC6499871.
  63. Vazquez-Prieto MA, Miatello RM. Organosulfur compounds and cardiovascular disease. Mol Aspects Med. 2010;31:540-5. doi: 10.1016/j.mam.2010.09.009. PubMed PMID: 20940019.
  64. Yeh YY, Yeh SM. Garlic reduces plasma lipids by inhibiting hepatic cholesterol and triacylglycerol synthesis. Lipids. 1994;29:189-93. doi: 10.1007/BF02536728. PubMed PMID: 8170288.
  65. Simopoulos AP. Omega-3 fatty acids in wild plants, nuts and seeds. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002;11:S163-S73. doi: 10.1046/j.1440-6047.11.s.6.5.x.
  66. Wolfram G. Dietary fatty acids and coronary heart disease. Eur J Med Res. 2003;8:321-4. PubMed PMID: 12915326.
  67. Edel AL, Rodriguez-Leyva D, Maddaford TG, Caligiuri SP, Austria JA, Weighell W, et al. Dietary flaxseed independently lowers circulating cholesterol and lowers it beyond the effects of cholesterol-lowering medications alone in patients with peripheral artery disease. J Nutr. 2015;145:749-57. doi: 10.3945/jn.114.204594. PubMed PMID: 25694068.
  68. Liperoti R, Vetrano DL, Bernabei R, Onder G. Herbal Medications in Cardiovascular Medicine. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;69:1188-99. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2016.11.078. PubMed PMID: 28254182.
آمار
تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 5,431
تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 3,810


سامانه مدیریت نشریات علمی. قدرت گرفته از سیناوب