Background: Percutaneous vertebroplasty employs bone cement for injecting into the fractured vertebral body (VB) caused by spinal metastases. Radioactive bone cement and also brachytherapy seeds have been utilized to suppress the tumor growth in the VB. Objective: This study aims to investigate the dose distributions of low-energy brachytherapy seeds, and to compare them to those of radioactive bone cement, by Monte Carlo simulation. Material and Methods: In this simulation study, nine CT scan images were imported in Geant4. For the simulation of brachytherapy, I-125, Cs-131, or Pd-103 seeds were positioned in the VB, and for the simulation of vertebroplasty, the VB was filled by a radioactive cement loaded by P-32, Ho-166, Y-90, or Sm-153 radioisotopes. The dose-volume histograms of the VB, and the spinal cord (SC) were obtained after segmentation, considering that the reference dose is the minimum dose covered 95% of the VB. Results: The SC sparing was improved by using beta-emitting cement because of their steep gradient dose distribution. I-125 seeds and Y-90 radioisotope showed better VB coverage for brachytherapy and vertebroplasty techniques, respectively. Pd-103 seeds and P-32 radioisotope showed better SC sparing for brachytherapy and vertebroplasty, respectively. The minimum mean doses that covered 100% of the VB were 62.0%, 56.5%, and 45.0% for I-125, Cs-131, and Pd-103 seeds, and 28.3%, 28.6%, 32.9%, and 17.7%, for P-32, Ho-166, Y-90, and Sm-153 sources, respectively. Conclusion: I-125 and Cs-131 seeds may be useful for large tumors filling the entire VB, and also for the extended tumors invading multiple vertebrae. Beta-emitting bone cement is recommended for tumors located near the SC. |
- Abdu WA, Provencher LM. Primary bone and metastatic tumors of the cervical spine. 1999;23(24):2767-77. doi: 10.1097/00007632-199812150-00019. PubMed PMID: 9879102.
- Finkelstein J, Zaveri G, Wai E, Vidmar M, Kreder H, Chow E. A population-based study of surgery for spinal metastases: survival rates and complications. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2003;85(7):1045-50. doi: 10.1302/0301-620x.85b7.14201. PubMed PMID: 14516044.
- Jansson KÅ, Bauer HC. Survival, complications and outcome in 282 patients operated for neurological deficit due to thoracic or lumbar spinal metastases. Eur Spine J. 2006;15(2):196-202. doi: 10.1007/s00586-004-0870-6. PubMed PMID: 15744540. PubMed PMCID: PMC3489401.
- Ryu S, Fang Yin F, Rock J, Zhu J, Chu A, Kagan E, et al. Image-guided and intensity-modulated radiosurgery for patients with spinal metastasis. Cancer. 2003;97(8):2013-8. doi: 10.1002/cncr.11296. PubMed PMID: 12673732.
- Sahgal A, Bilsky M, Chang EL, Ma L, Yamada Y, Rhines LD, et al. Stereotactic body radiotherapy for spinal metastases: current status, with a focus on its application in the postoperative patient: a review. J Neurosurg Spine. 2011;14(2):151-66. doi: 10.3171/2010.9.SPINE091005. PubMed PMID: 21184635.
- Lu J, Huang W, Wang Z, Gong J, Ding X, Chen Z, Xia N, et al. The safety and efficacy of interstitial 125I seed implantation brachytherapy for metastatic epidural spinal cord compression. J Cancer Res Ther. 2018;14(7):1549-55. doi: 10.4103/jcrt.JCRT_938_17. PubMed PMID: 30589037.
- Cao Q, Wang H, Meng N, Jiang Y, Jiang P, Gao Y, Tian S, et al. CT-guidance interstitial 125 Iodine seed brachytherapy as a salvage therapy for recurrent spinal primary tumors. Radiat Oncol. 2014;9:301. doi: 10.1186/s13014-014-0301-8. PubMed PMID: 25534142. PubMed PMCID: PMC4299295.
- Folkert MR, Bilsky MH, Gil’ad NC, Voros L, Oh JH, Zaider M, Laufer I, Yamada Y. Local recurrence outcomes using the 32P intraoperative brachytherapy plaque in the management of malignant lesions of the spine involving the dura. 2015;14(2):202-8. doi: 10.1016/j.brachy.2014.10.007. PubMed PMID: 25483021.
- Zuckerman SL, Lim J, Yamada Y, Bilsky MH, Laufer I. Brachytherapy in spinal tumors: a systematic review. World Neurosurg. 2018;118:e235-44. doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2018.06.166. PubMed PMID: 29966796.
- Deramond H, Depriester C, Galibert P, Le Gars D. Percutaneous vertebroplasty with polymethylmethacrylate: technique, indications, and results. Radiol Clin North Am. 1998;36(3):533-46. doi: 10.1016/s0033-8389(05)70042-7. PubMed PMID: 9597071.
- Jensen ME, Evans AJ, Mathis JM, Kallmes DF, Cloft HJ, Dion JE. Percutaneous polymethylmethacrylate vertebroplasty in the treatment of osteoporotic vertebral body compression fractures: technical aspects. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1997;18(10):1897-904. PubMed PMID: 9403451. PubMed PMCID: PMC8337380.
- Kaneko TS, Sehgal V, Skinner HB, Al-Ghazi MS, Ramisinghani NS, Keyak JH. Evaluation of a radiation transport modeling method for radioactive bone cement. Phys Med Biol. 2010;55(9):2451-63. doi: 10.1088/0031-9155/55/9/002. PubMed PMID: 20371905.
- Hirsch AE, Medich DC, Rosenstein BS, Martel CB, Hirsch JA. Radioisotopes and vertebral augmentation: dosimetric analysis of a novel approach for the treatment of malignant compression fractures. Radiother Oncol. 2008;87(1):119-26. doi: 10.1016/j.radonc.2008.01.010. PubMed PMID: 18261814.
- Yang Z, Yang D, Xie L, Sun Y, Huang Y, Sun H, Liu P, Wu Z. Treatment of metastatic spinal tumors by percutaneous vertebroplasty versus percutaneous vertebroplasty combined with interstitial implantation of 125I seeds. Acta Radiol. 2009;50(10):1142-8. doi: 10.3109/02841850903229133. PubMed PMID: 19922311.
- Cardoso ER, Ashamalla H, Weng L, Mokhtar B, Ali S, Macedon M, Guirguis A. Percutaneous tumor curettage and interstitial delivery of samarium-153 coupled with kyphoplasty for treatment of vertebral metastases. J Neurosurg Spine. 2009;10(4):336-42. doi: 10.3171/2008.11.SPINE0856. PubMed PMID: 19441992.
- Lu J, Deng J, Zhao H, Shi M, Wang J, Zhao L. Safety and feasibility of percutaneous vertebroplasty with radioactive 153Sm PMMA in an animal model. Eur J Radiol. 2011;78(2):296-301. doi: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2010.09.002. PubMed PMID: 20934823.
- Lu CW, Shao J, Wu YG, Wang C, Wu JH, Lv RX, et al. Which Combination Treatment Is Better for Spinal Metastasis: Percutaneous Vertebroplasty With Radiofrequency Ablation, 125I Seed, Zoledronic Acid, or Radiotherapy? Am J Ther. 2019;26(1):e38-44. doi: 10.1097/MJT.0000000000000449. PubMed PMID: 29087367.
- Yang Z, Tan J, Zhao R, Wang J, Sun H, Wang X, Xu L, Jiang H, Zhang J. Clinical investigations on the spinal osteoblastic metastasis treated by combination of percutaneous vertebroplasty and 125I seeds implantation versus radiotherapy. Cancer Biother Radiopharm. 2013;28(1):58-64. doi: 10.1089/cbr.2012.1204. PubMed PMID: 23009581. PubMed PMCID: PMC3545348.
- Li T, Li J, Wang Z, Liu B, Han D, Wang P. A preliminary comparative clinical study of vertebroplasty with multineedle or single-needle interstitial implantation of 125I seeds in the treatment of osteolytic metastatic vertebral tumors. J Neurosurg Spine. 2014;20(4):430-5. doi: 10.3171/2014.1.SPINE13645. PubMed PMID: 24527830.
- Yang Z, Zhang Y, Xu D, Maccauro G, Rossi B, Jiang H, Wang J, et al. Percutaneous vertebroplasty combined with interstitial implantation of 125 I seeds in banna mini-pigs. World J Surg Oncol. 2013;11:46. doi: 10.1186/1477-7819-11-46. PubMed PMID: 23442259. PubMed PMCID: PMC3598515.
- Goorley T, James M, Booth T, Brown F, Bull J, et al. Initial MCNP6 release overview. Nucl Technol. 2012;180(3):298-315. doi: 10.13182/NT11-135.
- Montaño CJ, Campos TP. Radioactive cement of PMMA and HAP-Sm-153, Ho-166, or RE-188 for bone metastasis treatment. Acta Ortop Bras. 2019;27(1):64-8. doi: 10.1590/1413-785220192701190288. PubMed PMID: 30774534. PubMed PMCID: PMC6362695.
- Kaneko TS, Sehgal V, Skinner HB, Al-Ghazi MS, Ramsinghani NS, Miranda MM, Keyak JH. Radioactive bone cement for the treatment of spinal metastases: a dosimetric analysis of simulated clinical scenarios. Phys Med Biol. 2012;57(13):4387-401. doi: 10.1088/0031-9155/57/13/4387. PubMed PMID: 22705967.
- Collaboration GE, Agostinelli S. GEANT4–a simulation toolkit. Nucl Instrum Meth A. 2003;506(25):250-303. doi: 10.1016/S0168-9002(03)01368-8.
- Geant4 Collaboration. Guide For Physics Lists. Year. Available from: https://geant4userdoc.web.cern.ch/UsersGuides/PhysicsListGuide/fo/PhysicsListGuide.pdf.
- International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements. Prescribing, recording and reporting photon beam therapy. ICRUM; 1993.
- Rivard MJ, Coursey BM, DeWerd LA, Hanson WF, et al. Update of AAPM Task Group No. 43 Report: A revised AAPM protocol for brachytherapy dose calculations. Med Phys. 2004;31(3):633-74. doi: 10.1118/1.1646040. PubMed PMID: 15070264.
- Wang J, Chai S, Zheng G, Jiang Y, Ji Z, Guo F, Zhuang H, Zhang K. Expert consensus statement on computed tomography-guided 125I radioactive seeds permanent interstitial brachytherapy. J Cancer Res Ther. 2018;14(1):12-17. doi: 10.4103/jcrt.JCRT_888_17. PubMed PMID: 29516952.
- Liu Y, He C, Li Y, Chen YX, Yang L, Li TY, Li LS, Huang XQ. Clinical efficacy of computed tomography-guided iodine-125 seed implantation therapy for patients with metastatic epidural spinal cord compression: A retrospective study. J Cancer Res Ther. 2019;15(4):807-12. doi: 10.4103/jcrt.JCRT_750_17. PubMed PMID: 31436235.
- National Nuclear Data Center. Brookhaven National Laboratory. USA; 2012.
- Photon, Electron, Proton and Neutron Interaction Data for Body Tissues. ICRU Report 46; United States: ICRU; 1992.
- Cotten A, Dewatre F, Cortet B, Assaker R, Leblond D, et al. Percutaneous vertebroplasty for osteolytic metastases and myeloma: effects of the percentage of lesion filling and the leakage of methyl methacrylate at clinical follow-up. Radiology. 1996;200(2):525-30. doi: 10.1148/radiology.200.2.8685351. PubMed PMID: 8685351.
|