1Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
2Truma and Injury Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
3Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
چکیده
Background: During community-wide outbreaks, patients and their families may suffer from anxiety after making behavioral changes. This study aimed to investigate the anxiety, knowledge, and lived experiences of families with COVID-19 patients admitted to medical centers. Methods: The present multi-center study was conducted by a mixed method using convenient sampling in hospitalized COVID-19 patients in Firoozgar and Rajaie Hospitals between May and July 2020. Anxiety was measured using a short form of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. The participants’ level of knowledge was assessed by an online questionnaire. The lived experiences of the families were explained through semi-structured interviews. Data were analyzed by Chi square, ANOVA, independent-samples t test, Kruskal Wallis, and Mann–Whitney tests in SPSS 16. P values≤0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: The mean age of the 324 family members, who participated in the study was 45.1±13.3 years. The mean anxiety score of the subjects was 13.5±4.1, and 63.6% of the participants had moderate to severe anxiety. The subjects’ mean score for knowledge on COVID-19 was 7.15±1.32. The highest mean percentage of data received by the subjects on COVID-19 (42.7%) was obtained through radio and television broadcasting. A total of 251 important phrases were obtained from interview analysis and code extraction, out of which five main themes and 17 sub-themes were extracted. Conclusion: Our findings showed that anxiety was relatively high in families with COVID patients during the pandemic, and it was associated with age, sex, income, and familial relationships. The level of knowledge on the COVID-19 disease in families was moderate. Therefore, relevant interventions and raising people’s awareness are recommended.
Biscayart C, Angeleri P, Lloveras S, Chaves T, Schlagenhauf P, Rodriguez-Morales AJ. The next big threat to global health? 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV): What advice can we give to travellers? - Interim recommendations January 2020, from the Latin-American society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI). Travel Med Infect Dis. 2020;33:101567. doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101567. PubMed PMID: 32006657; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC7128745.
Lu H, Stratton CW, Tang YW. Outbreak of pneumonia of unknown etiology in Wuhan, China: The mystery and the miracle. J Med Virol. 2020;92:401-2. doi: 10.1002/jmv.25678. PubMed PMID: 31950516; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC7166628.
Ryu S, Chun BC, Korean Society of Epidemiology -nCo VTFT. An interim review of the epidemiological characteristics of 2019 novel coronavirus. Epidemiol Health. 2020;42:e2020006. doi: 10.4178/epih.e2020006. PubMed PMID: 32023775; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC7011107.
Hanada S, Pirzadeh M, Carver KY, Deng JC. Respiratory Viral Infection-Induced Microbiome Alterations and Secondary Bacterial Pneumonia. Front Immunol. 2018;9:2640. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02640. PubMed PMID: 30505304; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC6250824.
Rubin GJ, Amlot R, Page L, Wessely S. Public perceptions, anxiety, and behaviour change in relation to the swine flu outbreak: cross sectional telephone survey. BMJ. 2009;339:b2651. doi: 10.1136/bmj.b2651. PubMed PMID: 19574308; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC2714687.
Beck AT, Emery G, Greenberg RL. Anxiety disorders and phobias: A cognitive perspective. New York: basic Books; 2005.
Brodaty H, Donkin M. Family caregivers of people with dementia. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2009;11:217-28. PubMed PMID: 19585957; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3181916.
Goodarzi N, Rahgoi A, Mohammadi Shahboulaghi F, Biglarian A. Correlation between Family Function and Anxiety in Family Carers of Elderly with Dementia. Iranian Journal of Psychiatric Nursing. 2018;6:1-9. doi: 10.21859/ijpn-06031.
Silverman D. Introducing qualitative research. Qualitative research. 2016;3:14.
Gaudry E, Vagg P, Spielberger CD. Validation of the State-Trait Distinction in Anxiety Research. Multivariate Behav Res. 1975;10:331-41. doi: 10.1207/s15327906mbr1003_6. PubMed PMID: 26829634.
Marteau TM, Bekker H. The development of a six-item short-form of the state scale of the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Br J Clin Psychol. 1992;31:301-6. doi: 10.1111/j.2044-8260.1992.tb00997.x. PubMed PMID: 1393159.
Panahi shahri M. Reliability validity and standardization of Spilger trait-state questionnaire. Tehran: Tarbeyat Modares university; 1995.
Zhong BL, Luo W, Li HM, Zhang QQ, Liu XG, Li WT, et al. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards COVID-19 among Chinese residents during the rapid rise period of the COVID-19 outbreak: a quick online cross-sectional survey. Int J Biol Sci. 2020;16:1745-52. doi: 10.7150/ijbs.45221. PubMed PMID: 32226294; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC7098034.
Jones JH, Salathe M. Early assessment of anxiety and behavioral response to novel swine-origin influenza A(H1N1). PLoS One. 2009;4:e8032. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008032. PubMed PMID: 19997505; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC2779851.
Bults M, Beaujean DJ, de Zwart O, Kok G, van Empelen P, van Steenbergen JE, et al. Perceived risk, anxiety, and behavioural responses of the general public during the early phase of the Influenza A (H1N1) pandemic in the Netherlands: results of three consecutive online surveys. BMC Public Health. 2011;11:2. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-11-2. PubMed PMID: 21199571; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3091536.
Taylor-Robinson D, Elders K, Milton B, Thurston H. Students’ attitudes to the communications employed during an outbreak of meningococcal disease in a UK school: a qualitative study. J Public Health (Oxf). 2010;32:32-7. doi: 10.1093/pubmed/fdp080. PubMed PMID: 19675024.
Lehto RH, Stein KF. Death anxiety: an analysis of an evolving concept. Res Theory Nurs Pract. 2009;23:23-41. doi: 10.1891/1541-6577.23.1.23. PubMed PMID: 19418886.
Raleigh ZT. A biopsychosocial perspective on the experience of lung cancer. J Psychosoc Oncol. 2010;28:116-25. doi: 10.1080/07347330903438990. PubMed PMID: 20391069.
Kuo TT, Ma FC. Symptom distresses and coping strategies in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Nurs. 2002;25:309-17. doi: 10.1097/00002820-200208000-00007. PubMed PMID: 12181499.
Rahmatinejad P, Yazdi M, Khosravi Z, Shahisadrabadi F. Lived experience of patients with coronavirus (Covid-19): a phenomenological study. J Res Psycholo Health. 2020;14:71-86.