پیوندهای مفید
آمار
| تعداد نشریات | 20 |
| تعداد شماره‌ها | 1,170 |
| تعداد مقالات | 10,690 |
| تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 60,822,500 |
| تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 12,275,845 |
Mineralogical characterization of the traditional geopharmaceutical ithmid by XRF and XRD | ||
| Trends in Pharmaceutical Sciences | ||
| مقاله 3، دوره 7، شماره 4، اسفند 2021، صفحه 243-248 اصل مقاله (914.15 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: Original Article | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.30476/tips.2021.91744.1105 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| Marzieh Rashedinia1؛ Zahra Gholipuor2؛ Parmis Badr* 3 | ||
| 1Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz Iran | ||
| 2Department of Phytopharmaceuticals (Traditional Pharmacy), School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran | ||
| 3Phytopharmaceutical and Traditional Medicine Incubator, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran | ||
| چکیده | ||
| Geopharmaceuticals, specifically minerals were used to treat various diseases from antiquity. Ithmid or kohl stone is one of the most-applied geopharmaceuticals in the Middle East, Africa, and South Asia. The usage of ithmid for eye make-up caused many concerns about the possible toxicity and lead poisoning, because the concentration of lead content is usually higher than the international standard limit. The goal of this study was mineralogical investigation of ithmid stones (three samples) from Iran using XRD and XRF. Also, traditional applications of ithmid were extracted and reported. X-ray diffractometer and X-ray fluorescence analysis was used to determine the composition of three samples of ithmid stone from Tehran, Shiraz, and Kerman. The indications suggested for ithmid in Traditional Iranian Medicine were extracted from Makhzan al advieh, Qarabadin Salehi, and Qarabadin Kabir. Major phase of ithmid samples were galena (PbS), and the main element was lead with a high concentration in all three samples. Based on traditional books, ithmid was used for ocular injuries, infectious wounds, and visual disorders. It was proved that ithmid has antimicrobial effects against pathogens involved in ocular infections, but regular application of such products is a potential threat for costumer health. Therefore, regular check-out of kohl products by authorities is necessary to avoid the risk of lead toxicity and resultant health issues. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| geopharmaceutical؛ ithmid؛ kohl؛ galena؛ XRD؛ XRF | ||
| مراجع | ||
|
1. Yeshi K, Wangdi T, Qusar N, Nettles J, Craig SR, Schrempf M, et al. Geopharmaceuticals of Himalayan Sowa Rigpa medicine: Ethnopharmacological uses, mineral diversity, chemical identification and current utilization in Bhutan. J Ethnopharmacol. 2018 Sep 15;223:99-112. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.05.007. Epub 2018 May 8. PMID: 29751124. 2. Ikegami A, Takagi M, Fatmi Z, Kobayashi Y, Ohtsu M, Cui X, et al. External lead contamination of women's nails by surma in Pakistan: Is the biomarker reliable? Environ Pollut. 2016 Nov;218:723-727. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.07.068. Epub 2016 Aug 21. PMID: 27554978. 3. Nouioui MA, Mahjoubi S, Ghorbel A, Ben Haj Yahia M, Amira D, Ghorbel H, et al. Health risk assessment of heavy metals in traditional cosmetics sold in Tunisian local markets. Int Sch Res Notices. 2016;2016:1-12. 4. Asgari Rad H, Saeedi M, AzadBakht N. Heavy metals (cadmium, zinc, nickel, chrome, Lead, and copper) contamination in kohl available in Iran’s market. J Maz Univ Med Sci. 2016;25(133):295-304. 5. Hardy A, Walton R, Vaishnay R, Myers K, Power M, Pirrie D. Egyptian eye cosmetics (“Kohls”): Past and present. Physical techniques in the study of art, archaeology and cultural heritage. Vol. 1: Elsevier; 2006. 173-203. 6. Hardy AD, Sutherland HH, Vaishnav R. A study of the composition of some eye cosmetics (kohls) used in the United Arab Emirates. J Ethnopharmacol. 2002;80(2):137-45. 7. Hardy AD, Vaishnav R, Al-Kharusi SSZ, Sutherland HH, Worthing MA. Composition of eye cosmetics (kohls) used in Oman. J Ethnopharmacol. 1998;60(3):223-34. 8. Mohta A. Kajal (Kohl) - A dangerous cosmetic. Oman J Ophthalmol. 2010 May;3(2):100-1. doi: 10.4103/0974-620X.64242. PMID: 21217909; PMCID: PMC3003848. 9. Al-Ashban RM, Aslam M, Shah AH. Kohl (surma). A toxic traditional eye cosmetic study in Saudi Arabia. Public Health. 2004;118(4):292-8. 10. Goswami K. Eye cosmetic 'surma': hidden threats of lead poisoning. Indian J clin biochem : IJCB. 2013;28(1):71-3. 11. Aqili Alavi Shirazi MH. Makhzan al-adviyah. Tehran: Tehran University of Medical Sciences; 2008. 12. Ghaeni Heravi SM. Qarabadin Salehi. 1st ed. Chogan Press. 2013. 13. Aghili Shirazi MH. Qarabadin Kabir, 1772 AD, Edition Litograph. 1855. 14. Randive DS, Bhinge SD, Jadhav NR, Bhutkar MA, Shirsat MK. Assessment of antimicrobial efficacy of kohl/kajal prepared by different Indian methods against selected microbial strains. Int J Curr Pharm Res. 2020:37-44. 15. Buksh E, Naz SA, Zubair A, Yasmeen K, Shafique M, Jabeen N, et al. Kohl: a widely used eye cosmetic with hazardous biochemical composition. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia. 2020;17(03):621-8. 16. Al-Kaff A, Tabbara Kh, El-Yazigi A. kohl- The traditional eyeliner use and analysis. Ann Saudi Med. 1993;13(1). 17. Ullah PH, Mahmood ZA, Sualeh M, Zoha SM. Studies on the chemical composition of kohl stone by X-ray diffractometer. Pak J Pharm Sci. 2010;23(1):48-52. 18. Navarro-Tapia E, Serra-Delgado M, Fernández-López L, Meseguer-Gilabert M, Falcón M, Sebastiani G, et al. Toxic elements in traditional kohl-based eye cosmetics in Spanish and German markets. Int J environ res public health. 2021;18(11):6109. 19. Mahmood Z. Kohl use in antiquity effects on the eye. 2015. p. 11. 20. Lemire JA, Harrison JJ, Turner RJ. Antimicrobial activity of metals: mechanisms, molecular targets and applications. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2013;11(6):371-84. 21. Suganya M, Balu A. PbS nanopowder – synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial activity. Mater Sci-Poland. 2017;35(2): 322-28. 22. Mahmood ZA, Azhar I, Ahmed SW. Kohl use in antiquity, effects on the eye. Hist Toxicol Environ Health. 2014; 18(2):68-78. 23. Dapul H, Laraque D. Lead poisoning in children. Adv Pediatr. 2014;61(1):313-33. | ||
|
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 31,856 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 1,109 |
||