- Leonard ST, Droege M. The uses and benefits of cluster analysis in pharmacy research. Res Social Adm Pharm. 2008;4(1):1-11. doi: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2007.02.001. PubMed PMID: 18342818.
- Davidoff F. Heterogeneity Is Not Always Noise: Lessons From Improvement. 2009;302(23):2580-6. doi: 10.1001/jama.2009.1845.
- Armstrong JJ, Zhu M, Hirdes JP, Stolee P. K-means cluster analysis of rehabilitation service users in the Home Health Care System of Ontario: examining the heterogeneity of a complex geriatric population. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2012;93(12):2198-205. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2012.05.026. PubMed PMID: 22705468.
- Madhulatha TS. An overview on clustering methods. IOSR Journal of Engineering. 2012;2(4):719-25. doi: 10.9790/3021-0204719725.
- Fourney DR, Andersson G, Arnold PM, Dettori J, Cahana A, Fehlings MG, et al. Chronic low back pain: a heterogeneous condition with challenges for an evidence-based approach. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2011;36(21 Suppl):S1-9. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e31822f0a0d. PubMed PMID: 21952181.
- Furlan AD, Tomlinson G, Jadad AA, Bombardier C. Examining heterogeneity in meta-analysis: comparing results of randomized trials and nonrandomized studies of interventions for low back pain. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2008;33(3):339-48. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e31816233b5. PubMed PMID: 18303468.
- McKenzie R, May S. The Lumbar Spine Mechanical Diagnosis & Therapy. 2nd ed. Orthopedic Physical Therapy Products; 2003.
- Delitto A, Erhard RE, Bowling RW. A treatment-based classification approach to low back syndrome: identifying and staging patients for conservative treatment. Phys Ther. 1995;75(6):470-85. doi: 10.1093/ptj/75.6.470. PubMed PMID: 7770494.
- Sahrmann S, Azevedo DC, Dillen LV. Diagnosis and treatment of movement system impairment syndromes. Braz J Phys Ther. 2017;21(6):391-9. doi: 10.1016/j.bjpt.2017.08.001. PubMed PMID: 29097026. PubMed PMCID: PMC5693453.
- O’Sullivan P. Diagnosis and classification of chronic low back pain disorders: maladaptive movement and motor control impairments as underlying mechanism. Man Ther. 2005;10(4):242-55. doi: 10.1016/j.math.2005.07.001. PubMed PMID: 16154380.
- Maluf KS, Sahrmann SA, Van Dillen LR. Use of a classification system to guide nonsurgical management of a patient with chronic low back pain. Phys Ther. 2000;80(11):1097-111. PubMed PMID: 11046197.
- O’Sullivan PB. Lumbar segmental ‘instability’: clinical presentation and specific stabilizing exercise management. Man Ther. 2000;5(1):2-12. doi: 10.1054/math.1999.0213. PubMed PMID: 10688954.
- Hefford C. McKenzie classification of mechanical spinal pain: profile of syndromes and directions of preference. Man Ther. 2008;13(1):75-81. doi: 10.1016/j.math.2006.08.005. PubMed PMID: 17188547.
- Hirsch O, Strauch K, Held H, Redaelli M, Chenot JF, Leonhardt C, et al. Low back pain patient subgroups in primary care: pain characteristics, psychosocial determinants, and health care utilization. Clin J Pain. 2014;30(12):1023-32. doi: 10.1097/AJP.0000000000000080. PubMed PMID: 24480909.
- Viniol A, Jegan N, Hirsch O, Leonhardt C, Brugger M, Strauch K, et al. Chronic low back pain patient groups in primary care--a cross sectional cluster analysis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2013;14:294. doi: 10.1186/1471-2474-14-294. PubMed PMID: 24131707. PubMed PMCID: PMC3852748.
- Billis E, McCarthy CJ, Roberts C, Gliatis J, Papandreou M, Gioftsos G, et al. Sub-grouping patients with non-specific low back pain based on cluster analysis of discriminatory clinical items. J Rehabil Med. 2013;45(2):177-85. doi: 10.2340/16501977-1100. PubMed PMID: 23321847.
- Reme SE, Shaw WS, Steenstra IA, Woiszwillo MJ, Pransky G, Linton SJ. Distressed, immobilized, or lacking employer support? A sub-classification of acute work-related low back pain. J Occup Rehabil. 2012;22(4):541-52. doi: 10.1007/s10926-012-9370-4. PubMed PMID: 22644216.
- Karayannis NV, Jull GA, Hodges PW. Physiotherapy movement based classification approaches to low back pain: comparison of subgroups through review and developer/expert survey. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2012;13:24. doi: 10.1186/1471-2474-13-24. PubMed PMID: 22348236. PubMed PMCID: PMC3395852.
- Brennan GP, Fritz JM, Hunter SJ, Thackeray A, Delitto A, Erhard RE. Identifying subgroups of patients with acute/subacute “nonspecific” low back pain: results of a randomized clinical trial. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2006;31(6):623-31. doi: 10.1097/01.brs.0000202807.72292.a8. PubMed PMID: 16540864.
- Fritz JM, Delitto A, Erhard RE. Comparison of classification-based physical therapy with therapy based on clinical practice guidelines for patients with acute low back pain: a randomized clinical trial. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2003;28(13):1363-71. doi: 10.1097/01.brs.0000067115.61673.ff. PubMed PMID: 12838091.
- Fritz JM, Cleland JA, Childs JD. Subgrouping patients with low back pain: evolution of a classification approach to physical therapy. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2007;37(6):290-302. doi: 10.2519/jospt.2007.2498. PubMed PMID: 17612355.
- Alrwaily M, Timko M, Schneider M, Stevans J, Bise C, Hariharan K, et al. Treatment-Based Classification System for Low Back Pain: Revision and Update. Phys Ther. 2016;96(7):1057-66. doi: 10.2522/ptj.20150345. PubMed PMID: 26637653.
- Stanton TR, Fritz JM, Hancock MJ, Latimer J, Maher CG, Wand BM, et al. Evaluation of a treatment-based classification algorithm for low back pain: a cross-sectional study. Phys Ther. 2011;91(4):496-509. doi: 10.2522/ptj.20100272. PubMed PMID: 21330450.
- Apeldoorn AT, Van Helvoirt H, Ostelo RW, Meihuizen H, Kamper SJ, Van Tulder MW, et al. Inter-rater reliability of a modified version of Delitto et al.’s classification-based system for low back pain: a pilot study. J Man Manip Ther. 2016;24(2):98-110. doi: 10.1179/2042618614Y.0000000082. PubMed PMID: 27559279. PubMed PMCID: PMC4984810.
- Alyazedi FM, Lohman EB, Wesley Swen R, Bahjri K. The inter-rater reliability of clinical tests that best predict the subclassification of lumbar segmental instability: structural, functional and combined instability. J Man Manip Ther. 2015;23(4):197-204. doi: 10.1179/2042618615y.0000000002. PubMed PMID: 26917937. PubMed PMCID: PMC4727732.
- Fritz JM, George S. The use of a classification approach to identify subgroups of patients with acute low back pain. Interrater reliability and short-term treatment outcomes. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2000;25(1):106-14. doi: 10.1097/00007632-200001010-00018. PubMed PMID: 10647168.
- Petersen T, Olsen S, Laslett M, Thorsen H, Manniche C, Ekdahl C, et al. Inter-tester reliability of a new diagnostic classification system for patients with non-specific low back pain. Aust J Physiother. 2004;50(2):85-94. doi: 10.1016/s0004-9514(14)60100-8. PubMed PMID: 15151492.
- Fritz JM, Irrgang JJ. A comparison of a modified Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability Questionnaire and the Quebec Back Pain Disability Scale. Phys Ther. 2001;81(2):776-88. doi: 10.1093/ptj/81.2.776. PubMed PMID: 11175676.
- Beurskens A, De Vet HCW, Köke AJA. Responsiveness of functional status in low back pain: a comparison of different instruments. Pain. 1996;65(1):71-6. doi: 10.1016/0304-3959(95)00149-2. PubMed PMID: 8826492.
- Mousavi SJ, Parnianpour M, Mehdian H, Montazeri A, Mobini B. The Oswestry Disability Index, the Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire, and the Quebec Back Pain Disability Scale: translation and validation studies of the Iranian versions. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2006;31(14):E454-9. doi: 10.1097/01.brs.0000222141.61424.f7. PubMed PMID: 16778675.
- Jensen MP, Turner JA, Romano JM. What is the maximum number of levels needed in pain intensity measurement? Pain. 1994;58(3):387-92. doi: 10.1016/0304-3959(94)90133-3. PubMed PMID: 7838588.
- Rostami M, Noorian N, Mansournia MA, Sharafi E, Babaki AE, Kordi R. Validation of the Persian version of the fear avoidance belief questionnaire in patients with low back pain. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil. 2014;27(2):213-21. doi: 10.3233/bmr-130439. PubMed PMID: 24254494.
- Waddell G, Somerville D, Henderson I, Newton M. Objective clinical evaluation of physical impairment in chronic low back pain. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1992;17(6):617-28. doi: 10.1097/00007632-199206000-00001. PubMed PMID: 1308095.
- Nussbaumer S, Leunig M, Glatthorn JF, Stauffacher S, Gerber H, Maffiuletti NA. Validity and test-retest reliability of manual goniometers for measuring passive hip range of motion in femoroacetabular impingement patients. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2010;11:194. doi: 10.1186/1471-2474-11-194. PubMed PMID: 20807405. PubMed PMCID: PMC2942800.
- Hicks GE, Fritz JM, Delitto A, Mishock J. Interrater reliability of clinical examination measures for identification of lumbar segmental instability. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2003;84(12):1858-64. doi: 10.1016/s0003-9993(03)00365-4. PubMed PMID: 14669195.
- Cohen J. A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales. Educ Psychol Meas. 1960;20(1):37-46. doi: 10.1177/001316446002000104.
- Viera AJ, Garrett JM. Understanding interobserver agreement: the kappa statistic. Fam Med. 2005;37(5):360-3. PubMed PMID: 15883903.
- Henry SM, Fritz JM, Trombley AR, Bunn JY. Reliability of a treatment-based classification system for subgrouping people with low back pain. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2012;42(9):797-805. doi: 10.2519/jospt.2012.4078. PubMed PMID: 22677525.
- Fritz JM, Brennan GP, Clifford SN, Hunter SJ, Thackeray A. An examination of the reliability of a classification algorithm for subgrouping patients with low back pain. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2006;31(1):77-82. doi: 10.1097/01.brs.0000193898.14803.8a. PubMed PMID: 16395181.
- Apeldoorn AT, Ostelo RW, Van Helvoirt H, Fritz JM, Knol DL, Van Tulder MW, et al. A randomized controlled trial on the effectiveness of a classification-based system for subacute and chronic low back pain. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2012;37(16):1347-56. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e31824d9f2b. PubMed PMID: 22333955.
- Stanton TR, Hancock MJ, Apeldoorn AT, Wand BM, Fritz JM. What characterizes people who have an unclear classification using a treatment-based classification algorithm for low back pain? A cross-sectional study. Phys Ther. 2013;93(3):345-55. doi: 10.2522/ptj.20120263. PubMed PMID: 23139426. PubMed PMCID: PMC3588107.
- Wasserstein RL, Schirm AL, Lazar NA. Moving to a World Beyond “p<0.05”. The American Statistician. 2019;73(supp1):1-19. doi: 10.1080/00031305.2019.1583913.
- Amrhein V, Greenland S, McShane B. Scientists rise up against statistical significance. Natur 2019;567(7748):305-7. doi: 10.1038/d41586-019-00857-9. PubMed PMID: 30894741.
|