Camellia Sinensis Mouthwashes in Oral Care: a Systematic Review

[1]  Moghbel A, Farajzadeh A, Aghel N, Agheli H, Raisi N. Formulation and evaluation of green tea mouthwash: A new, safe and nontoxic product for children and pregnant women. Toxicol Lett. 2009; 189: 67-77.

[2]  Chacko SM, Thambi PT, Kuttan R, Nishigaki I. Beneficial effects of green tea: a literature review. Chinese medicine. 2010; 5: 13.

[3]  Fujiki H, Watanabe T, Sueoka E, Rawangkan A, Suganuma M. Cancer prevention with green tea and its principal constituent, EGCG: From early investigations to current focus on human cancer stem cells. Molecules and cells. 2018; 41: 73.

[4]  Miyata Y, Matsuo T, Araki K, Nakamura Y, Sagara Y, Ohba K, et al. Anticancer effects of green tea and the underlying molecular mechanisms in bladder cancer. Medicines. 2018; 5: 87.

[5]  Miyata Y, Shida Y, Hakariya T, Sakai H. Anti-cancer effects of green tea polyphenols against prostate cancer. Molecules. 2019; 24: 193.

[6]  Ung L, Lay HL, Wu MC, Do TN. Camellia sinensis Tea and Cancer Risk: A Systematic Review. J Ayu Herb Med. 2019; 5: 110-116.

[7]  Belobrov S, Seers C, Reynolds E, Cirillo N, McCullough M. Functional and molecular effects of a green tea constituent on oral cancer cells. J Oral Pathol Med. 2019; 48: 604-610.

[8]  Shirakami Y, Shimizu M. Possible mechanisms of green tea and its constituents against cancer. Molecules. 2018; 23: 2284.

[9]  Yoshimura H, Yoshida H, Matsuda S, Ryoke T, Ohta K, Ohmori M, et al. The therapeutic potential of epigallocatechin3gallate against human oral squamous cell carcinoma through inhibition of cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis: in vitro and in vivo murine xenograft study. Mol Med Rep. 2019; 20: 1139-1148.

[10]          Yuan X, Long Y, Ji Z, Gao J, Fu T, Yan M, et al. Green Tea Liquid Consumption Alters the Human Intestinal and Oral Microbiome. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2018; 62: e1800178.

[11]          Xu H, Lui W, Chu C, Ng P, Wang C, Rogers M. Anti-angiogenic effects of green tea catechin on an experimental endometriosis mouse model. Human Reproduction. 2008; 24: 608-618.

[12]          Piyaviriyakul S, Shimizu K, Asakawa T, Kan T, Siripong P, Oku N. Anti-angiogenic activity and intracellular distribution of epigallocatechin-3-gallate analogs. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2011; 34: 396-400.

[13]          Leong H, Mathur PS, Greene GL. Green tea catechins inhibit angiogenesis through suppression of STAT3 activation. Breast cancer research and treatment. 2009; 117: 505-515.

[14]          Rashidi B, Malekzadeh M, Goodarzi M, Masoudifar A, Mirzaei H. Green tea and its anti-angiogenesis effects. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 2017; 89: 949-956.

[15]          Yanagi S, Matsumura K, Marui A, Morishima M, Hyon SH, Ikeda T, et al. Oral pretreatment with a green tea polyphenol for cardioprotection against ischemia- reperfusion injury in an isolated rat heart model. The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery. 2011; 141: 511-517.

[16]          Zern TL, Fernandez ML. Cardioprotective effects of dietary polyphenols. The Journal of nutrition. 2005; 135: 2291-2294.

[17]          Lin JK, Lin‐Shiau SY. Mechanisms of hypolipidemic and anti‐obesity effects of tea and tea polyphenols. Molecular nutrition & food research. 2006; 50: 211-217.

[18]          Yuan F, Dong H, Fang K, Gong J, Lu F. Effects of green tea on lipid metabolism in overweight or obese people: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2018; 62: doi: 10.1002/mnfr.201601122.

[19]          Tadayon M, Movahedi S, Abedi P, Syahpoosh A. Impact of green tea extract on serum lipid of postmenopausal women: A randomized controlled trial. J Tradit Complement Med. 2018; 8: 391-395.

[20]          Momose Y, Maeda-Yamamoto M, Nabetani H. Systematic review of green tea epigallocatechin gallate in reducing low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels of humans. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2016; 67: 606-613.

[21]          Khalesi S, Sun J, Buys N, Jamshidi A, Nikbakht-Nasrabadi E, Khosravi-Boroujeni H. Green tea catechins and blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Eur J Nutr. 2014; 53: 1299-1311.

[22]          Peng X, Zhou R, Wang B, Yu X, Yang X, Liu K, et al. Effect of green tea consumption on blood pressure: A meta-analysis of 13 randomized controlled trials. Scientific Reports. 2014; 4: 6251.

[23]          Onakpoya I, Spencer E, Heneghan C, Thompson M. The effect of green tea on blood pressure and lipid profile: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2014; 24: 823-836.

[24]          Yu J, Song P, Perry R, Penfold C, Cooper AR. The Effectiveness of Green Tea or Green Tea Extract on Insulin Resistance and Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Meta-Analysis. Diabetes Metab J. 2017; 41: 251-262.

[25]          Meng JM, Cao SY, Wei XL, Gan RY, Wang YF, Cai SX, et al. Effects and Mechanisms of Tea for the Prevention and Management of Diabetes Mellitus and Diabetic Complications: An Updated Review. Antioxidants. 2019; 8: 170.

[26]          Pervin M, Unno K, Ohishi T, Tanabe H, Miyoshi N, Nakamura Y. Beneficial effects of green tea catechins on neurodegenerative diseases. Molecules. 2018; 23: 1297.

[27]          Mandel SA, Amit T, Weinreb O, Youdim MB. Understanding the broad-spectrum neuroprotective action profile of green tea polyphenols in aging and neurodegenerative diseases. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease. 2011; 25: 187-208.

[28]          Singh NA, Mandal AKA, Khan ZA. Potential neuroprotective properties of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG). Nutrition Journal. 2015; 15: 60.

[29]          Li Q, Li Y. Review on the neuroprotective effects of green tea polyphenols for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.  Wei Sheng Yan Jiu. 2010; 39: 123-126.

[30]          Prasanth MI, Sivamaruthi BS, Chaiyasut C, Tencomnao T. A Review of the Role of Green Tea (Camellia sinensis) in Antiphotoaging, Stress Resistance, Neuroprotection, and Autophagy. Nutrients. 2019; 11: 474.

[31]          Matsunaga T, Nakahara A, Minnatul KM, Noiri Y, Ebisu S, Kato A, et al. The inhibitory effects of catechins on biofilm formation by the periodontopathogenic bacterium, Eikenella corrodens. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2010; 74: 2445-2450.

[32]          Moghbel A, Farjzadeh A, Aghel N, Agheli H, Raisi N. Evaluation of the effect of green tea extract on mouth bacterial activity in the presence of propylene glycol. Jundishapur Journal of Natural Pharmaceutical Products. 2012; 7: 56.

[33]          Manohar J, Lavanya G, Jeevanandan G. Antimicrobial efficacy of white tea mouthwash against bacteria in early childhood caries. Drug Invention Today. 2019; 12: 1969-1972.

[34]          Meenapriya M, Geetha R. Comparative evaluation of antimicrobial efficacy of herbal mouthwash versus commercially available mouthwash 2% chlorhexidine. Drug Invention Today. 2019; 11: 2687-2689.

[35]          Yousefimanesh H, Amin M, Robati M, Goodarzi H, Otoufi M. Comparison of the antibacterial properties of three mouthwashes containing chlorhexidine against oral microbial plaques: An in vitro study. Jundishapur J Micrbiol. 2015; 8: e17341.

[36]          Deepak A, Govindaraju L, Jeevanandan G. Antimicrobial efficacy of green tea mouth rinse against oral bacteria causing early childhood caries. Drug Invention Today. 2019; 12: 1550-1553.

[37]          Gopal J, Muthu M, Paul D, Kim DH, Chun S. Bactericidal activity of green tea extracts: the importance of catechin containing nano particles. Scientific Reports. 2016; 6: 19710.

[38]          Hoshino N, Kimura T, Yamaji A, Ando T. Damage to the cytoplasmic membrane of Escherichia coli by catechin-copper (II) complexes. Free Radical Biology and Medicine. 1999; 27: 1245-1250.

[39]          Biesalski HK. Polyphenols and inflammation: basic interactions. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care. 2007; 10: 724-728.

[40]          Hagiu A, Attin T, Schmidlin PR, Ramenzoni LL. Dose-dependent green tea effect on decrease of inflammation in human oral gingival epithelial keratinocytes: in vitro study. Clin Oral Investig. 2019. doi: 10.1007/s00784-019-03096-4.

[41]          Tripathi P, Blaggana V, Upadhyay P, Jindal M, Gupta S, Nishat S. Antioxidant therapy (lycopene and green tea extract) in periodontal disease: A promising paradigm. J Indian Soc Periodontol. 2019; 23: 25-30.

[42]          Tafazoli*Moghadam E, Sargolzaie N, Rajabi O, Arab H, Moeintaghavi A. Analgesic Efficacy of Aloe Vera and Green Tea Mouthwash After Periodontal Pocket Reduction Surgery: A Randomized Split-Mouth Clinical Trial. Journal of Dental School Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. 2016; 34: 176-185.

[43]          Tahani B, Mostajeran E, Faghihian R, Tavakoli F, Ehteshami A, Ziaei S. Effects of Green Tea Products in Controlling and Decreasing the Periodontal Disease and Dental Caries-A Systematic Review Journal of Mashhad Dental School. 2014; 38: 169-184.

[44]          Ardakani MR, Golmohammadi S, Ayremlou S, Taheri S, Daneshvar S, Meimandi M. Antibacterial effect of Iranian green-tea-containing mouthrinse vs chlorhexidine 0.2%: an in vitro study. Oral Health & Preventive Dentistry. 2014; 12: 157-162.

[45]          Parvez MAK, Saha K, Rahman J, Munmun RA, Rahman MA, Dey SK, et al. Antibacterial activities of green tea crude extracts and synergistic effects of epigallocatechingallate (EGCG) with gentamicin against MDR pathogens. Heliyon. 2019; 5: e02126.

[46]          Ben Lagha A, Haas B, Grenier D. Tea polyphenols inhibit the growth and virulence properties of Fusobacterium nucleatum. Sci Rep. 2017; 7: 44815.

[47]          Sitheeque MA, Panagoda GJ, Yau J, Amarakoon AM, Udagama UR, Samaranayake LP. Antifungal activity of black tea polyphenols (catechins and theaflavins) against Candida species. Chemotherapy. 2009; 55: 189-196.

[48]          Baumgardner DJ. Oral Fungal Microbiota: To Thrush and Beyond. J Patient Cent Res Rev. 2019; 6: 252-261.

[49]          Navarro-Martinez MD, Garcia-Canovas F, Rodriguez-Lopez JN. Tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibits ergosterol synthesis by disturbing folic acid metabolism in Candida albicans. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2006; 57: 1083-1092.

[50]          Evensen NA, Braun PC. The effects of tea polyphenols on Candida albicans: inhibition of biofilm formation and proteasome inactivation. Can J Microbiol. 2009; 55: 1033-1039.

[51]          Yadegari MH, Nasrollahi Z, Moazeni SM. Antifungal effect of green tea leaf (Camellia sinensis) polyphenols on Candida albicans. Pathobiology Research. 2009; 12: 71-77.

[52]          Antunes DP, Salvia AC, de Araujo RM, Di Nicolo R, Koga Ito CY, de Araujo MA. Effect of green tea extract and mouthwash without alcohol on Candida albicans biofilm on acrylic resin. Gerodontology. 2015; 32: 291-295.

[53]          Farkash Y, Feldman M, Ginsburg I, Steinberg D, Shalish M. Green Tea Polyphenols and Padma Hepaten Inhibit Candida albicans Biofilm Formation. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2018; 2018: 1690747.

[54]          Farhad*Mollashahi N, Bokaeian M, Farhad*Mollashahi L, Afrougheh A. Antifungal Efficacy of Green Tea Extract against Candida Albicans Biofilm on Tooth Substrate. J Dent (Tehran). 2015; 12: 592-598.

[55]          Anand J, Rai N. Anticandidal synergistic activity of green tea catechins, antimycotics and copper sulphate as a mean of combinational drug therapy against candidiasis. J Mycol Med. 2017; 27: 33-45.

[56]          Gennaro G, Claudino M, Cestari TM, Ceolin D, Germino P, Garlet GP, et al. Green Tea Modulates Cytokine Expression in the Periodontium and Attenuates Alveolar Bone Resorption in Type 1 Diabetic Rats. PLoS One. 2015; 10: e0134784.

[57]          Shahbaz M, Zaheer N, Sagheer A, Arshad A, Zaheer U, Alam M. Role of Green Tea Extract (Camellia sinensis) in Prevention of Nicotine-Induced Inflammatory and Epithelial Changes in Buccal Mucosa of Albino Rats. International Medical Journal (1994). 2017; 24: 230-233.

[58]          Hashemipour MA, Lotfi S, Torabi M, Sharifi F, Ansari M, Ghassemi A, et al. Evaluation of the effects of three plant species (Myrtus Communis L., Camellia Sinensis L., Zataria Multiflora Boiss.) on the healing process of intraoral ulcers in rats. Journal of Dentistry. 2017; 18: 127.

[59]          Esimone CO, Adikwu MU, Nwafor SV, Okolo CO. Potential use of tea extract as a complementary mouthwash: comparative evaluation of two commercial samples. Journal of alternative and complementary medicine (New York, NY). 2001; 7: 523-527.

[60]          Faria RL, Cardoso LM, Akisue G, Pereira CA, Junqueira JC, Jorge AO, et al. Antimicrobial activity of Calendula officinalis, Camellia sinensis and chlorhexidine against the adherence of microorganisms to sutures after extraction of unerupted third molars. Journal of Applied Oral Science, Revista FOB. 2011; 19: 476-482.

[61]          Prabakar J, John J, Arumugham IM, Kumar RP, Sakthi DS. Comparing the effectiveness of probiotic, green tea, and chlorhexidine-and fluoride-containing dentifrices on oral microbial flora: A double-blind, randomized clinical trial. Contemporary Clinical Dentistry. 2018; 9: 560.

[62]          Thomas A, Thakur SR, Shetty SB. Anti-microbial efficacy of green tea and chlorhexidine mouth rinses against Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacilli spp. and Candida albicans in children with severe early childhood caries: A randomized clinical study. Journal of Indian Society of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry. 2016; 34: 65.

[63]          Thomas A, Thakur S, Habib R. Comparison of antimicrobial efficacy of green tea, garlic with lime, and sodium fluoride mouth rinses against Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacilli species, and Candida albicans in children: A randomized double-blind controlled clinical trial. International Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry. 2017; 10: 234.

[64]          Neturi RS, Srinivas R, Vikram*Simha B, Sandhya*Sree Y, Chandra*Shekar T, Kumar S. Effects of green tea on Streptococcus mutans counts-a randomised control trail. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research (JCDR). 2014; 8: ZC128.

[65]          Salama MT, Alsughier ZA. Effect of Green Tea Extract mouthwash on salivary streptococcus mutans counts in a group of preschool children: an in vivo study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2019; 12: 133-138.

[66]          Goyal AK, Bhat M, Sharma M, Garg M, Khairwa A, Garg R. Effect of green tea mouth rinse on Streptococcus mutans in plaque and saliva in children: An in vivo study. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 2017; 35: 41-46.

[67]          Nandan N, Prasanna M, PremKishore K. Effect of green tea as a mouth rinse on Streptococcus mutans. Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences. 2016; 1: 7-11.

[68]          Hegde RJ, Kamath S. Comparison of the Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus colony count changes in saliva following chlorhexidine (0.12%) mouth rinse, combination mouth rinse, and green tea extract (0.5%) mouth rinse in children. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 2017; 35: 150-155.

[69]          Ghorbani A, Sadrzadeh A, Habibi E, Dadgar K, Akbari J, Moosazadeh M, et al. Efficacy of Camellia sinensis extract against Candida species in patients with denture stomatitis. Curr Med Mycol. 2018; 4: 15-18.

[70]          Khanchemehr Y, Hoseynrezaei H, Sepehri G, Torabi M, Jahani Y, Khanchemehr A. A comparison of the effects of mouthwash obtained from green tea and chlorhexidine mouthwash on the oral health of patients admitted in the intensive care unit. Journal of Oral Health and Oral Epidemiology. 2019; 8: 9-16.

[71]          Khanchemehr Y, Kashani S, Khanchemehr A. Comparison of Green Tea and Chlorhexidine Mouthwash Effects‎ on Bacterial Colonies of Throat Cultures of Patients in ICU. Infection Epidemiology and Microbiology. 2018; 4: 59-65.

[72]          Shaban B, Eshghpour M, Shahakbari R, Khaki S, Danaeifar N, Nejat AH. Effect of Green Mouthwash on the Incidence of Alveolar Osteitis following Surgical Removal of Mandibular Third Molar: a Randomized Double Blind Study. OHDM. 2015; 14: 161-165.

[73]          Ide K, Yamada H, Matsushita K, Ito M, Nojiri K, Toyoizumi K, et al. Effects of green tea gargling on the prevention of influenza infection in high school students: a randomized controlled study. PLoS One. 2014; 9: e96373.

[74]          Ide K, Kawasaki Y, Akutagawa M, Yamada H. Effects of green tea gargling on the prevention of influenza infection: an analysis using bayesian approaches. Journal of alternative and complementary medicine (New York, N Y). 2017; 23: 116-120.

[75]          Ahmadi MH, Sarrami L, Yegdaneh A, Homayoni A, Bakhtiyari Z, Danaeifar N, et al. Comparative evaluation of efficacy of green tea mouth rinse and green tea gel on the salivary streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus colony count in 12–18-year-old teenagers: A randomized clinical trial. Contemporary Clinical Dentistry. 2019; 10: 81.

[76]          Balappanavar AY, Sardana V, Singh M. Comparison of the effectiveness of 0.5% tea, 2% neem and 0.2% chlorhexidine mouthwashes on oral health: a randomized control trial. Indian Journal of Dental Research: Official Publication of Indian Society for Dental Research. 2013; 24: 26-34.

[77]          Sarin S, Marya C, Nagpal R, Oberoi SS, Rekhi A. Preliminary Clinical Evidence of the Antiplaque, Antigingivitis Efficacy of a Mouthwash Containing 2% Green Tea- A Randomised Clinical Trial. Oral Health & Preventive Ddentistry. 2015; 13: 197-203.

[78]          Romoozi E, Bekhradi R, Talebi M. Effect of green tea mouthwash on reducing plaque and gingivitis. J Dent Health Oral Disord Ther. 2018; 9: 207-210.

[79]          Radafshar G, Ghotbizadeh M, Saadat F, Mirfarhadi N. Effects of green tea (Camellia sinensis) mouthwash containing 1% tannin on dental plaque and chronic gingivitis: a double-blinded, randomized, controlled trial. J Investig Clin Dent. 2017; 8: doi: 10.1111/jicd.12184.

[80]          Priya BM, Anitha V, Shanmugam M, Ashwath B, Sylva SD, Vigneshwari SK. Efficacy of chlorhexidine and green tea mouthwashes in the management of dental plaque-induced gingivitis: A comparative clinical study. Contemp Clin Dent. 2015; 6: 505-509.

[81]          Forouzanfar A, Arab HR, Shafaee H, Mokhtari MR, Golestani S. The effect of green tea mouthwash (Camellia sinensis) on wound healing following periodontal crown lengthening surgery; a double blind randomized controlled trial. Open Journal of Stomatology. 2012; 2: 369-372.

[82]          Biswas S, Rithesh K, Savita S, Shivaprasad BM. Comparative Evaluation of the Effect of Green Tea, Listerine and Chlorhexidine Mouth Wash in Gingivitis Patients: A Randomized Controlled trial. Indian J Dent Res. 2015; 2: 104.

[83]          Nagar A, Tyagi A, Gupta SJ, Banga A, Sharma N, Gupta A. Comparative evaluation of the anti-plaque efficacy of green tea extract mouthrinse and white tea extract mouthrinse with chlorhexidine gluconate mouthrinse-A clinical and microbiological study. Journal of Dental Specialities. 2018; 6: 109-114.

[84]          Attin T, Hilgers RD, Zimmermann C, Kielbassa AM, Hellwig E. Plaque surface area after rinsing with a low-level fluoride-containing Darjeeling tea. European journal of oral sciences. 1995; 103: 416-418.

[85]          Hambire CU, Jawade R, Patil A, Wani VR, Kulkarni AA, Nehete PB. Comparing the antiplaque efficacy of 0.5% Camellia sinensis extract, 0.05% sodium fluoride, and 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate mouthwash in children. Journal of International Society of Preventive & Community Dentistry. 2015; 5: 218.

[86]          Kamalaksharappa SK, Rai R, Babaji P, Pradeep MC. Efficacy of probiotic and green tea mouthrinse on salivary pH. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 2018; 36: 279-282.

[87]          Raju R, Divya A, Rajendran G, John JR. Analogous assay between green tea mouthwash, listerine mouthwash and chlorhexidine mouthwash in plaque reduction, on orthodontic patients: a randomized cross-over study. Inter J Community Med Public Health. 2017; 4: 1429-1435.

[88]          Shalini M, Ramesh A. Comparison of anti-plaque efficacy of green tea, herbal, and chlorhexidine mouthrinse in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment. Drug Invention Today. 2018; 10: 1323-1327.

[89]          Malhotra R, Grover V, Kapoor A, Kapur R. Alkaline phosphatase as a periodontal disease marker. Indian journal of dental research: official publication of Indian Society for Dental Research. 2010; 21: 531-536.

[90]          Kumar S, Shah S, Budhiraja S, Desai K, Shah C, Mehta D. The effect of periodontal treatment on C-reactive protein: A clinical study. Journal of Natural Science, Biology, and Medicine. 2013; 4: 379.

[91]          Mustafa SQ, Baban DA. Efficacy of green tea mouth wash as an adjunct to non-surgical periodontal treatment in patients with chronic periodontitis. Erbil Dental Journal (EDJ). 2019; 2: 180-187.

[92]          Lamba M, Sinha A, Jithendra K, Singh A, Singh A. Evaluating the properties of two herbal mouthwashes and their effect on total leukocyte count after Phase I therapy. International Dental & Medical Journal of Advanced Research. 2015. 2015; 1: 1-5.

[93]          Eshghpour M, Mortazavi H, Mohammadzadeh*Rezaei N, Nejat A. Effectiveness of green tea mouthwash in postoperative pain control following surgical removal of impacted third molars: double blind randomized clinical trial. Daru Journal of Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences. 2013; 21: 59.

[94]          Shahakbari R, Eshghpour M, Rajaei A, Rezaei NM, Golfakhrabadi P, Nejat A. Effectiveness of green tea mouthwash in comparison to chlorhexidine mouthwash in patients with acute pericoronitis: a randomized clinical trial. International journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery. 2014; 43: 1394-1398.

[95]          Elvina E, Kusnoto J, Halim H, Roeslan BO. Chewing gum, acetaminophen, and green tea effect in reducing pain after orthodontic appliance placement. Scientific Dental Journal. 2018; 2: 51-57.

[96]          Abdulbaqi HR, Himratul-Aznita WH, Baharuddin NA. Evaluation of Salvadora persica L. and green tea anti-plaque effect: a randomized controlled crossover clinical trial. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2016; 16: 493.

[97]          Hajiahmadi M, Yegdaneh A, Homayoni A, Parishani H, Moshkelgosha H, Salari-Moghaddam R. Comparative Evaluation of Efficacy of "Green Tea" and "Green Tea with Xylitol" Mouthwashes on the Salivary Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus Colony Count in Children: A Randomized Clinical Trial. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2019; 20: 1190-1194.

[98]          Sargolzaie N, Rajabi O, Arab H, Esmaele H, Ehteshamfar A. Comparative evaluation of green tea-aloe vera mouthwash and chlorhexidine 0.2% on gingival indices (A randomized clinical trial). Journal of Dental Materials and Techniques. 2016; 5: 31-35.

[99]          Yaghini J, Naghsh N, Sadeghi SM, Soltani S. Gingival inflammatory indices and dental stain index after using aloe vera-green tea mouthwash, matrica mouthwash, or 0.2% chlorhexidine mouthwash compared with placebo in patients with gingival inflammation. The Open Dentistry Journal. 2019; 13: 214-220.

[100]       Park JE, Jang J, Hwang SY, Kim DH, Cho JW. Changes in Saliva Composition before and after Use of Mouthwash Containing Green Tea Extract. International Journal of Clinical Preventive Dentistry. 2019; 15: 103-107.

[101]       Ooshima T, Minami T, Aono W, Tamura Y, Hamada S. Reduction of dental plaque deposition in humans by oolong tea extract. Caries Research. 1994; 28: 146-149.

[102]       Hsu SP, Liao CS, Li CY, Chiou AF. The effects of different oral care protocols on mucosal change in orally intubated patients from an intensive care unit. J Clin Nurs. 2011; 20: 1044-1053.

[103]       Farina VH, Lima AP, Balducci I, Brandao AA. Effects of the medicinal plants curcuma zedoaria and camellia          sinensis on halitosis control. Brazilian Oral Research. 2012; 26: 523-529.

[104]       Rassameemasmaung S, Phusudsawang P, Sangalungkarn V. Effect of green tea mouthwash on oral malodor. ISRN preventive medicine. 2012; 2013:  975148.

[105]       Mathur A, Gopalakrishnan D, Mehta V, Rizwan S, Shetiya SH, Bagwe S. Efficacy of green tea-based mouthwashes on dental plaque and gingival inflammation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Indian Journal of Dental Research. 2018; 29: 225.

[106]       Hormozi M. Effects of green tea and its products on dental caries and periodontal diseases: A review. International Journal of Contemporary Dental & Medical Reviews. 2016. 2016; 020516: 1-4.