Acute Subdural Hemorrhage of a Convexity Meningioma in the Postpartum Period; Case Report and Literature Review

Introduction

Brain tumors infrequently occur during pregnancy, and their acute presentation in pregnancy or in the postpartum period is very rare [1, 2] Meningiomas are the most common benign brain tumors that usually present between 40-60 years old. These tumors are twice as common in women. The growth of meningioma seems to be related to sex hormones, therefore, their growth increases during pregnancy. Approximately 10% of patients present with symptoms such as headache, dizziness, seizures, and focal neurological deficits depending on their location and size and if there is associated mass effect or herniation. In pregnant women, symptoms such as headache, dizziness may be misdiagnosed as hyperemesis gravidarium. Seizure is a late symptom which is related to mass effect [3]. Approximately 1.3 to 2.4% of these benign tumors may bleed, but, acute presentation of these tumors with hemorrhage is uncommon and subdural hematoma is even rare [1, 4].

Although eclampsia is the most likely diagnosis for a new-onset seizure in pregnancy or the postpartum period, less common etiologies such as brain tumors and infections should also be considered [5, 6]. Herein, we report a rare case of a 36-year-old lady who presented with a severe headache, seizure, and loss of conscientious in the postpartum period, five days after delivery of a full-term baby.

Case report

A 36-year-old pregnant lady (full-term, Gravidity 3, Parity 2, Live 2) with a history of trivial right hand weakness since 5 months ago, which had been neglected and attributed to common pregnancy issues was admitted for delivery. Her pregnancy had been uneventful in general without any significant medical or surgical issues. Her past medical and family histories were unremarkable except for two previous cesarean deliveries at her request without any medical indications. Her physical examination on admission was unremarkable except for right hand weakness of little importance. She denied any recent head trauma. Her lab results were all within normal limits. A cesarean section was performed for her without complication. She and her baby were in good conditions. Five days later, she suddenly developed a severe headache, right side weakness, two episodes of seizures and acute loss of conscientious (GCS: 3/15, Pupils: Both fixed and dilated). She was rapidly intubated and airway was secured, her blood sugar was checked, anticonvulsant prophylaxis was initiated, and was stabilized. An urgent brain computerized tomography (CT) scan was requested for her which revealed a left front oparietal subdural hematoma, a suspicious left high parietal lesion with evidence of peripheral hemorrhage, and brain edema with significant midline shift (Figure 1, A-C).

She was urgently taken to the operating room for both hematoma evacuation and decompressive  craniectomy. A left traumatic incision was made, and a left fronto temporoparietal decompressive craniectomy was performed. When dura was opened, acute subdural hematoma and an extra-axial lesion in the parietal region with evidence of bleeding, in favor of a meningioma, were identified, subdural hematoma was evacuated, and the tumor was totally resected. Bone flap was preserved in the bone bank for future cranioplasty (Figure 1, D).

Fig.1. Preoperative noncontrast computerized tomography (CT) scan of the brain which revealed a left frontoparietal subdural hematoma, a suspicious left high parietal lesion with evidence of peripheral hemorrhage, and brain edema with significant midline shift (A-C: Axial sections); D: postoperative CT-scan of the brain showing a decompressive craniectomy with gross total resection of the mass lesion and evacuation of the subdural hemorrhage; E, F: Postoperative CT scan of brain after the cranioplasty operation at 6 months follow-up.

Histopathological examination of the hematoxylin and eosin stained specimen revealed spindle cells with indistinct cell boundaries arranged in intersecting fascicles without any mitosis and necrosis, consistent with fibroblastic meningioma (WHO grade I). The cells were strongly positive for epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) and progesterone receptor (PR) (Figure 2).

Fig. 2.  Histopathological examination of the hematoxylin and eosin stained material revealed spindle cells with indistinct cell boundaries arranged in intersecting fascicles without any mitosis and necrosis, consistent with fibroblastic meningioma, WHO grade I. The cells were strongly positive for EMA and PR. A: H&E section of the tumor showing fascicular pattern of bland looking spindle cells (×100). B: EMA staining of the tumor cells (×200). C: PR staining of the tumor cells (×200).

Her hospital course went on uneventfully. She had no more seizures. She was discharged a week after surgery totally conscious in good condition with minimal right-side weakness. Two weeks after the surgery she was feeling quite well and her headache had subsided, and her weakness had totally been resolved. She reported no seizures. Two months after surgery, cranioplasty was performed for her without any complications. During the 6-month follow-up visits, no neurological deficits or a headache were noted (Figure 1, E-F).

Discussion

Seizures occur in approximately 1.2% of all pregnancies [7] and are the most common neurologic complication observed in pregnant women. The underlying causes of seizures in pregnancy and postpartum are extensive, and include, but not limited to, epilepsy, eclampsia, cerebrovascular accidents (stroke, cerebral venous thrombosis, etc.), and other less common conditions such as tumors [6]. In pregnancy, eclampsia is of significant importance and should be top on the list in the initial evaluation of a new-onset seizure in pregnancy [5]. Eclampsia can occur even in the absence of pre-existing preeclampsia (hypertension, proteinuria, and edema) [8]. Although, brain imaging is not necessary for the evaluation, and management of eclampsia, it is indicated in cases of focal neurologic deficit, prolonged coma or when evidence regarding an underlying preeclampsia are lacking [6]. Therefore, determining the underlying cause, and providing appropriate therapy is critical to prevent adverse acute and long-term consequences [5].

A new-onset seizure is a presenting symptom in approximately 30% to 50% of brain tumors which always warrant a thorough workup [3]. Primary intracranial tumors represent the fifth leading cause of cancer-related death in women aged 20-39 years. In this age group, gliomas and meningiomas are the two most common primary brain tumors [9, 10]. The incidence of brain tumors does not seem to be influenced by pregnancy. Brain tumors usually present with nonspecific symptoms such as a headache, nausea, vomiting, focal neurological deficit, and seizures which are related to an increase in intracranial pressure and mass effect of the tumor [3].

Meningiomas are the third most common intracranial tumors in pregnancy representing 14% of all intracranial tumors in pregnant women [9]. Meningiomas are strongly associated with female gender and female sex hormones. Although, the incidence of meningiomas does not increase during pregnancy, however, 70%-90% of these benign tumors express progesterone receptors, and 33%-38% are estrogen receptor positive, and pregnancy may affect the size and growth of these tumors [3, 11]. Approximately 60% of meningiomas present during the third trimester or shortly thereafter within the first postpartum week. High rates of visual symptoms andparasellar locations are features unique to pregnancy-related meningiomas [12].

Meningiomas are slow growing, present indolently, and cause symptoms mainly by a local mass effect [4]. Approximately 1.3% to 2.4% of meningiomas may bleed, but their acute presentation with hemorrhage mimicking cerebrovascular accidents is quite rare [1, 2, 4]. Different bleeding patterns (subarachnoid, intracerebral/intratumoral, and subdural hemorrhage) can occur in meningiomas [2, 13-16]. Bosnjak and colleagues reviewed 145 cases of unsuspected meningiomas which have presented with hemorrhage. Age over 70 years or below 30 years, convexity and intraventricular locations, and fibroblastic, malignant, and angioblastic histological types were associated with the increased bleeding tendency of intracranial meningiomas. Subdural and intracerebral hemorrhages were the most common patterns in convexity meningiomas (49.2% and 34.9%, respectively) [4]. Table 1 summarizes 38 cases of unsuspected meningiomas with acute subdural hemorrhage since 1966 to 2017. It is evident that cerebral convexity and meningothelial type are the most common location and histologic type associated with subdural bleeding, respectively.

Mechanisms underlying hemorrhage within brain tumors have not been totally elucidated. Aberrant endothelial proliferation, friable blood vessels, and tumor necrosis may account for bleeding in malignant tumors, however, factors underlying hemorrhage within benign tumors are less obvious. In case of meningioma, cerebral edema, and venous congestion have been postulated to cause infarction and subsequent hemorrhage. Other precipitating factors include minor trauma, severe coughing, physical exertion, seizures, sexual activity, emotion, irradiation, and embolization of meningioma [4].

Complete discussion of the management of epilepsy and brain tumors, especially meningiomas, in pregnancy is beyond the scope of this paper, and the interested reader is referred to the reviews on the subject [3, 5, 6, 9, 11, 12]. In summary, management of meningiomas in pregnancy poses a great challenge to the medical team. When managing these patients, it is necessary to take patients’ general condition, gestational age, tumor’s size, signs and symptoms of increased intracranial pressure, and patients’ preferences into account. As a general rule, as long as the patient is in good general condition, and the tumor does not grow rapidly or cause any permanent neurological deficits, surgical intervention may be postponed until postpartum, and close follow-up with MRI would suffice. However, in emergency situations where signs and symptoms of increased intracranial pressure, significant edema and midline shift, decreased level of consciousness or acute neurological deficits are present, prompt surgical intervention would be the best choice [9]. Our case highlights the importance of a thorough evaluation of pregnant and postpartum women who present with new-onset seizures or focal neurological deficits, and consideration of the less common but potentially devastating causes of seizure in pregnancy or the postpartum period.

In conclusion,based on observations in this case report and to our knowledge, postpartum seizure associated with acute subdural hemorrhage of a convexity meningioma is a very rare combination to occur. During pregnancy, the growth of meningiomas seems to be affected by hormonal changes, but their dramatic and unsuspected presentation is uncommon. Although eclampsia and cerebrovascular accidents are high on the list of differential diagnosis for a new-onset seizure in pregnancy or postpartum period, brain tumors should also be considered a possible cause with potentially devastating outcomes which might need prompt surgical intervention.

Conflict of interest: None Declared