LinkedIn

 آمار

تعداد نشریات20
تعداد شماره‌ها1,149
تعداد مقالات10,520
تعداد مشاهده مقاله45,472,933
تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله11,298,793
Abolhasanpour, Nasrin, Hajebrahimi, Sakineh, Ebrahimi-Kalan, Abbas, Mehdipour, Ahmad, Salehi-Pourmehr, Hanieh. (1398). Urodynamic Parameters in Spinal Cord Injury-Induced Neurogenic Bladder Rats after Stem Cell Transplantation: A Narrative Review. سامانه مدیریت نشریات علمی, 45(1), 2-15. doi: 10.30476/ijms.2019.45318
Nasrin Abolhasanpour; Sakineh Hajebrahimi; Abbas Ebrahimi-Kalan; Ahmad Mehdipour; Hanieh Salehi-Pourmehr. "Urodynamic Parameters in Spinal Cord Injury-Induced Neurogenic Bladder Rats after Stem Cell Transplantation: A Narrative Review". سامانه مدیریت نشریات علمی, 45, 1, 1398, 2-15. doi: 10.30476/ijms.2019.45318
Abolhasanpour, Nasrin, Hajebrahimi, Sakineh, Ebrahimi-Kalan, Abbas, Mehdipour, Ahmad, Salehi-Pourmehr, Hanieh. (1398). 'Urodynamic Parameters in Spinal Cord Injury-Induced Neurogenic Bladder Rats after Stem Cell Transplantation: A Narrative Review', سامانه مدیریت نشریات علمی, 45(1), pp. 2-15. doi: 10.30476/ijms.2019.45318
Abolhasanpour, Nasrin, Hajebrahimi, Sakineh, Ebrahimi-Kalan, Abbas, Mehdipour, Ahmad, Salehi-Pourmehr, Hanieh. Urodynamic Parameters in Spinal Cord Injury-Induced Neurogenic Bladder Rats after Stem Cell Transplantation: A Narrative Review. سامانه مدیریت نشریات علمی, 1398; 45(1): 2-15. doi: 10.30476/ijms.2019.45318

Urodynamic Parameters in Spinal Cord Injury-Induced Neurogenic Bladder Rats after Stem Cell Transplantation: A Narrative Review

Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences
مقاله 2، دوره 45، شماره 1، فروردین 2020، صفحه 2-15    اصل مقاله (302.35 K)
نوع مقاله: Review Article
شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.30476/ijms.2019.45318
نویسندگان
Nasrin Abolhasanpour1؛ Sakineh Hajebrahimi2؛ Abbas Ebrahimi-Kalan3؛ Ahmad Mehdipour4؛ Hanieh Salehi-Pourmehr* 5
1Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
2Research Center for Evidence Based-Medicine, Iranian EBM Centre: A Joanna Briggs Institute Affiliated Group, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Urology, Imam Reza Teaching Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Ira
3Department of Neurosciences and Cognitive, School of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
4Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
5Research Center for Evidence Based-Medicine, Iranian EBM Centre: A Joanna Briggs Institute Affiliated Group, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
چکیده
Neurogenic bladder (NGB) secondary to spinal cord injury (SCI) is accompanied with several complications such as urinary tract deterioration, urinary incontinence, and consequently lower quality of life (QoL), significant morbidities, and occasionally death. Current therapeutic methods have some side effects and there is no treatment for the upper urinary tract injuries. Stem cell therapy is a promising method for treating this condition. However, the best timing and the best route of its transplantation have not yet been determined. Animal models of SCI, especially in rats, are the most commonly used method for evaluating the efficacy of cell therapy in NGB improvement, and the most common assessment method is the urodynamic studies (UDS). However, there are variations in the range of UDS parameters among the published studies. The current review aimed to discuss the effect of stem cell transplantation on bladder dysfunction recovery based on urodynamic parameters after SCI in rats. For this purpose, the cell source, doses, the route of administration, and the complete UDS equipment and its parameters were summarized in SCI models in rats. In some urodynamic test results, to some extent, an improvement in the lower urinary system function was observed in each treatment group. However, this improvement was far from full functional recovery. The average cell dose was about 1 million cells in every injected site. In most studies, the stem cells (SCs) were transplanted 9 days after the injury using PE-50 and PE-60. Many researchers have recommended further experimental and clinical studies to confirm this treatment modality.
کلیدواژه‌ها
Urodynamic؛ Spinal cord injuries؛ Urinary bladder؛ Neurogenic؛ Stem cell transplantation
سایر فایل های مرتبط با مقاله
مراجع
  1. Linder A, Leach GE, Raz S. Augmentation cystoplasty in the treatment of neurogenic bladder dysfunction. J Urol. 1983;129:491-3. PubMed PMID: 6834530.
  2. Palma JA, Kaufmann H. Treatment of autonomic dysfunction in Parkinson disease and other synucleinopathies. Mov Disord. 2018;33:372-90. doi: 10.1002/mds.27344. PubMed PMID: 29508455; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC5844369.
  3. Stoffel JT. Chronic Urinary Retention in Multiple Sclerosis Patients: Physiology, Systematic Review of Urodynamic Data, and Recommendations for Care. Urol Clin North Am. 2017;44:429-39. doi: 10.1016/j.ucl.2017.04.009. PubMed PMID: 28716323.
  4. Son SB, Chung SY, Kang S, Yoon JS. Relation of Urinary Retention and Functional Recovery in Stroke Patients During Rehabilitation Program. Ann Rehabil Med. 2017;41:204-10. doi: 10.5535/arm.2017.41.2.204. PubMed PMID: 28503452; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC5426277.
  5. Lima DX, Pires CR, Santos AC, Mendes RG, Fonseca CE, Zocratto OB. Quality of life evaluation of patients with neurogenic bladder submitted to reconstructive urological surgeries preserving the bladder. Int Braz J Urol. 2015;41:542-6. doi: 10.1590/S1677-5538.IBJU.2014.0150. PubMed PMID: 26200548; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4752148.
  6. Abrams P, Cardozo L, Fall M, Griffiths D, Rosier P, Ulmsten U, et al. The standardisation of terminology in lower urinary tract function: report from the standardisation sub-committee of the International Continence Society. Urology. 2003;61:37-49. PubMed PMID: 12559262.
  7. de Seze M, Ruffion A, Denys P, Joseph PA, Perrouin-Verbe B, Genulf. The neurogenic bladder in multiple sclerosis: review of the literature and proposal of management guidelines. Mult Scler. 2007;13:915-28. doi: 10.1177/1352458506075651. PubMed PMID: 17881401.
  8. Benevento BT, Sipski ML. Neurogenic bladder, neurogenic bowel, and sexual dysfunction in people with spinal cord injury. Phys Ther. 2002;82:601-12. PubMed PMID: 12036401.
  9. Esclarin De Ruz A, Garcia Leoni E, Herruzo Cabrera R. Epidemiology and risk factors for urinary tract infection in patients with spinal cord injury. J Urol. 2000;164:1285-9. PubMed PMID: 10992382.
  10. Gormley EA. Urologic complications of the neurogenic bladder. Urol Clin North Am. 2010;37:601-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ucl.2010.07.002. PubMed PMID: 20955911.
  11. Hackler RH, Dalton JJ, Jr., Bunts RC. Changing Concepts in the Preservation of Renal Function in the Paraplegic. J Urol. 1965;94:107-11. PubMed PMID: 14334300.
  12. Sakalis VI, Floyd MS, Jr., Caygill P, Price C, Hartwell B, Guy PJ, et al. Management of stress urinary incontinence in spinal cord injured female patients with a mid-urethral tape - a single center experience. J Spinal Cord Med. 2018;41:703-9. doi: 10.1080/10790268.2017.1393190. PubMed PMID: 29076391; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC6217505.
  13. Westgren N, Levi R. Quality of life and traumatic spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1998;79:1433-9. PubMed PMID: 9821906.
  14. Biering-Sorensen F, Nielans HM, Dorflinger T, Sorensen B. Urological situation five years after spinal cord injury. Scand J Urol Nephrol. 1999;33:157-61. PubMed PMID: 10452290.
  15. Gormley EA, Lightner DJ, Burgio KL, Chai TC, Clemens JQ, Culkin DJ, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of overactive bladder (non-neurogenic) in adults: AUA/SUFU guideline. J Urol. 2012;188:2455-63. doi: 10.1016/j.juro.2012.09.079. PubMed PMID: 23098785.
  16. Van Kerrebroeck PE, Koldewijn EL, Rosier PF, Wijkstra H, Debruyne FM. Results of the treatment of neurogenic bladder dysfunction in spinal cord injury by sacral posterior root rhizotomy and anterior sacral root stimulation. J Urol. 1996;155:1378-81. PubMed PMID: 8632580.
  17. Verpoorten C, Buyse GM. The neurogenic bladder: medical treatment. Pediatr Nephrol. 2008;23:717-25. doi: 10.1007/s00467-007-0691-z. PubMed PMID: 18095004; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC2275777.
  18. Linder A, Leach GE, Raz S. Augmentation cystoplasty in the treatment of neurogenic bladder dysfunction. J Urol. 1983;129:491-3. PubMed PMID: 6834530.
  19. Jack GS, Almeida FG, Zhang R, Alfonso ZC, Zuk PA, Rodriguez LV. Processed lipoaspirate cells for tissue engineering of the lower urinary tract: implications for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence and bladder reconstruction. J Urol. 2005;174:2041-5. doi: 10.1097/01.ju.0000176489.96993.84. PubMed PMID: 16217390.
  20. Atala A, Bauer SB, Soker S, Yoo JJ, Retik AB. Tissue-engineered autologous bladders for patients needing cystoplasty. Lancet. 2006;367:1241-6. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68438-9. PubMed PMID: 16631879.
  21. Lewis JM, Cheng EY. Non-traditional management of the neurogenic bladder: tissue engineering and neuromodulation. ScientificWorldJournal. 2007;7:1230-41. doi: 10.1100/tsw.2007.178. PubMed PMID: 17704856; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC5901112.
  22. Yoo JJ, Olson J, Atala A, Kim B. Regenerative medicine strategies for treating neurogenic bladder. Int Neurourol J. 2011;15:109-19. doi: 10.5213/inj.2011.15.3.109. PubMed PMID: 22087419; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3212584.
  23. Park WB, Kim SY, Lee SH, Kim HW, Park JS, Hyun JK. The effect of mesenchymal stem cell transplantation on the recovery of bladder and hindlimb function after spinal cord contusion in rats. BMC Neurosci. 2010;11:119. doi: 10.1186/1471-2202-11-119. PubMed PMID: 20846445; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC2955046.
  24. Jack GS, Zhang R, Lee M, Xu Y, Wu BM, Rodriguez LV. Urinary bladder smooth muscle engineered from adipose stem cells and a three dimensional synthetic composite. Biomaterials. 2009;30:3259-70. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.02.035. PubMed PMID: 19345408; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC2744495.
  25. Strauer BE, Kornowski R. Stem cell therapy in perspective. Circulation. 2003;107:929-34. PubMed PMID: 12600901.
  26. Pham PV, Vu NB, Pham VM, Truong NH, Pham TL, Dang LT, et al. Good manufacturing practice-compliant isolation and culture of human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells. J Transl Med. 2014;12:56. doi: 10.1186/1479-5876-12-56. PubMed PMID: 24565047; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3939935.
  27. Pham PV, Vu NB, Pham VM, Truong NH, Pham TL, Dang LT, et al. Good manufacturing practice-compliant isolation and culture of human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells. J Transl Med. 2014;12:56. doi: 10.1186/1479-5876-12-56. PubMed PMID: 24565047; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3939935.
  28. Sibov TT, Severino P, Marti LC, Pavon LF, Oliveira DM, Tobo PR, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells from umbilical cord blood: parameters for isolation, characterization and adipogenic differentiation. Cytotechnology. 2012;64:511-21. doi: 10.1007/s10616-012-9428-3. PubMed PMID: 22328147; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3432537.
  29. Van Pham P, Vu NB, Phan NK. Umbilical cord-derived stem cells (MODULATISTTM) show strong immunomodulation capacity compared to adipose tissue-derived or bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Biomedical Research and Therapy. 2016;3:687-96. doi: 10.7603/s40730-016-0029-1.
  30. Zuk PA, Zhu M, Mizuno H, Huang J, Futrell JW, Katz AJ, et al. Multilineage cells from human adipose tissue: implications for cell-based therapies. Tissue Eng. 2001;7:211-28. doi: 10.1089/107632701300062859. PubMed PMID: 11304456.
  31. Zhang QZ, Nguyen AL, Yu WH, Le AD. Human oral mucosa and gingiva: a unique reservoir for mesenchymal stem cells. J Dent Res. 2012;91:1011-8. doi: 10.1177/0022034512461016. PubMed PMID: 22988012; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3490281.
  32. Wei X, Yang X, Han ZP, Qu FF, Shao L, Shi YF. Mesenchymal stem cells: a new trend for cell therapy. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2013;34:747-54. doi: 10.1038/aps.2013.50. PubMed PMID: 23736003; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4002895.
  33. Li JH, Zhang N, Wang JA. Improved anti-apoptotic and anti-remodeling potency of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells by anoxic pre-conditioning in diabetic cardiomyopathy. J Endocrinol Invest. 2008;31:103-10. doi: 10.1007/BF03345575. PubMed PMID: 18362500.
  34. Sakaida I, Terai S, Yamamoto N, Aoyama K, Ishikawa T, Nishina H, et al. Transplantation of bone marrow cells reduces CCl4-induced liver fibrosis in mice. Hepatology. 2004;40:1304-11. doi: 10.1002/hep.20452. PubMed PMID: 15565662.
  35. Zhao DC, Lei JX, Chen R, Yu WH, Zhang XM, Li SN, et al. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells protect against experimental liver fibrosis in rats. World J Gastroenterol. 2005;11:3431-40. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v11.i22.3431. PubMed PMID: 15948250; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4315999.
  36. Smalley E. Neural stem cell trailblazer StemCells folds. Nat Biotechnol. 2016;34:677-8. doi: 10.1038/nbt0716-677. PubMed PMID: 27404861.
  37. Mitsui T, Kakizaki H, Tanaka H, Shibata T, Matsuoka I, Koyanagi T. Immortalized neural stem cells transplanted into the injured spinal cord promote recovery of voiding function in the rat. J Urol. 2003;170:1421-5. doi: 10.1097/01.ju.0000075501.05758.33. PubMed PMID: 14501781.
  38. Song L, Murphy SV, Yang B, Xu Y, Zhang Y, Atala A. Bladder acellular matrix and its application in bladder augmentation. Tissue Eng Part B Rev. 2014;20:163-72. doi: 10.1089/ten.TEB.2013.0103. PubMed PMID: 23895225.
  39. Wein AJ. Neuromuscular dysfunction of the lower urinary tract. Campbell’s urology. 1992:573-642.
  40. Andersson KE, Soler R, Fullhase C. Rodent models for urodynamic investigation. Neurourol Urodyn. 2011;30:636-46. doi: 10.1002/nau.21108. PubMed PMID: 21661007.
  41. Suaid H, Martins A, Rock J, Cologna A, Tucci JS. Comparison of urethral function after simple cystectomy in female rats and cystoprostatectomy in male rats. Acta Cir Bras. 1998;13:25-9.
  42. Elneil S, Skepper JN, Kidd EJ, Williamson JG, Ferguson DR. Distribution of P2X(1) and P2X(3) receptors in the rat and human urinary bladder. Pharmacology. 2001;63:120-8. doi: 10.1159/000056122. PubMed PMID: 11490205.
  43. Resplande J, Graziottin T, Gholami S, Nunes L, Lue T. Urethral pressure profile in female rats. Morphologic and functional aspects. Braz J Urol. 2001;27:158.
  44. Cho YS, Ko IG, Kim SE, Lee SM, Shin MS, Kim CJ, et al. Oral mucosa stem cells alleviates spinal cord injury-induced neurogenic bladder symptoms in rats. J Biomed Sci. 2014;21:43. doi: 10.1186/1423-0127-21-43. PubMed PMID: 24884998; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4028106.
  45. Sandner B, Ciatipis M, Motsch M, Soljanik I, Weidner N, Blesch A. Limited Functional Effects of Subacute Syngeneic Bone Marrow Stromal Cell Transplantation After Rat Spinal Cord Contusion Injury. Cell Transplant. 2016;25:125-39. doi: 10.3727/096368915X687679. PubMed PMID: 25812176.
  46. Obara T, Matsuura S, Narita S, Satoh S, Tsuchiya N, Habuchi T. Bladder acellular matrix grafting regenerates urinary bladder in the spinal cord injury rat. Urology. 2006;68:892-7. doi: 10.1016/j.urology.2006.04.030. PubMed PMID: 17070388.
  47. Jin Y, Bouyer J, Shumsky JS, Haas C, Fischer I. Transplantation of neural progenitor cells in chronic spinal cord injury. Neuroscience. 2016;320:69-82. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.01.066. PubMed PMID: 26852702; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC5287710.
  48. Lee HJ, An J, Doo SW, Kim JH, Choi SS, Lee SR, et al. Improvement in Spinal Cord Injury-Induced Bladder Fibrosis Using Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation Into the Bladder Wall. Cell Transplant. 2015;24:1253-63. doi: 10.3727/096368914X682125. PubMed PMID: 24912020.
  49. Urakami S, Shiina H, Enokida H, Kawamoto K, Kikuno N, Fandel T, et al. Functional improvement in spinal cord injury-induced neurogenic bladder by bladder augmentation using bladder acellular matrix graft in the rat. World J Urol. 2007;25:207-13. doi: 10.1007/s00345-006-0142-7. PubMed PMID: 17221271.
  50. Temeltas G, Dagci T, Kurt F, Evren V, Tuglu I. Bladder function recovery in rats with traumatic spinal cord injury after transplantation of neuronal-glial restricted precursors or bone marrow stromal cells. J Urol. 2009;181:2774-9. doi: 10.1016/j.juro.2009.01.093. PubMed PMID: 19375728.
  51. Yoshiyama M, Nezu FM, Yokoyama O, de Groat WC, Chancellor MB. Changes in micturition after spinal cord injury in conscious rats. Urology. 1999;54:929-33. PubMed PMID: 10565763.
  52. Ren G, Zhao X, Zhang L, Zhang J, L’Huillier A, Ling W, et al. Inflammatory cytokine-induced intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 in mesenchymal stem cells are critical for immunosuppression. J Immunol. 2010;184:2321-8. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902023. PubMed PMID: 20130212; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC2881946.
  53. Pehrson R, Stenman E, Andersson KE. Effects of tramadol on rat detrusor overactivity induced by experimental cerebral infarction. Eur Urol. 2003;44:495-9. PubMed PMID: 14499688.
  54. Persson K, Pandita RK, Spitsbergen JM, Steers WD, Tuttle JB, Andersson KE. Spinal and peripheral mechanisms contributing to hyperactive voiding in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Am J Physiol. 1998;275:R1366-73. doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.1998.275.4.R1366. PubMed PMID: 9756570.
  55. Cannon TW, Damaser MS. Effects of anesthesia on cystometry and leak point pressure of the female rat. Life Sci. 2001;69:1193-202. PubMed PMID: 11508351.
  56. Lee T, Andersson KE, Streng T, Hedlund P. Simultaneous registration of intraabdominal and intravesical pressures during cystometry in conscious rats--effects of bladder outlet obstruction and intravesical PGE2. Neurourol Urodyn. 2008;27:88-95. doi: 10.1002/nau.20460. PubMed PMID: 17565725.
  57. Masuda H, Ogawa T, Kihara K, Chancellor MB, de Groat WC, Yoshimura N. Effects of anaesthesia on the nitrergic pathway during the micturition reflex in rats. BJU Int. 2007;100:175-80. doi: 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2007.06872.x. PubMed PMID: 17488309.
  58. Yokoyama O, Yoshiyama M, Namiki M, de Groat WC. Influence of anesthesia on bladder hyperactivity induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion in the rat. Am J Physiol. 1997;273:R1900-7. doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.1997.273.6.R1900. PubMed PMID: 9435643.
  59. Matsuura S, Downie JW. Effect of anesthetics on reflex micturition in the chronic cannula-implanted rat. Neurourol Urodyn. 2000;19:87-99. PubMed PMID: 10602250.
  60. Huang YC, Shindel AW, Ning H, Lin G, Harraz AM, Wang G, et al. Adipose derived stem cells ameliorate hyperlipidemia associated detrusor overactivity in a rat model. J Urol. 2010;183:1232-40. doi: 10.1016/j.juro.2009.11.012. PubMed PMID: 20096880; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3163606.
  61. Yaksh TL, Durant PA, Brent CR. Micturition in rats: a chronic model for study of bladder function and effect of anesthetics. Am J Physiol. 1986;251:R1177-85. doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.1986.251.6.R1177. PubMed PMID: 3789199.
  62. Streng T, Santti R, Andersson KE, Talo A. The role of the rhabdosphincter in female rat voiding. BJU Int. 2004;94:138-42. doi: 10.1111/j.1464-4096.2004.04875.x. PubMed PMID: 15217449.
  63. Hagen EM. Acute complications of spinal cord injuries. World J Orthop. 2015;6:17-23. doi: 10.5312/wjo.v6.i1.17. PubMed PMID: 25621207; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4303786.
  64. Johnson RT, Joy JE, Altevogt BM, Liverman CT. Spinal cord injury: progress, promise, and priorities. Washington: National Academies Press; 2005.
  65. Roh JK, Jung KH, Chu K. Adult stem cell transplantation in stroke: its limitations and prospects. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther. 2008;3:185-96. PubMed PMID: 18782001.
  66. Adamowicz J, Pokrywczynska M, Van Breda SV, Kloskowski T, Drewa T. Concise Review: Tissue Engineering of Urinary Bladder; We Still Have a Long Way to Go? Stem Cells Transl Med. 2017;6:2033-43. doi: 10.1002/sctm.17-0101. PubMed PMID: 29024555; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC6430044.
  67. Li L, Chen X, Wang WE, Zeng C. How to Improve the Survival of Transplanted Mesenchymal Stem Cell in Ischemic Heart? Stem Cells Int. 2016;2016:9682757. doi: 10.1155/2016/9682757. PubMed PMID: 26681958; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4670674.
  68. Uvin P, Everaerts W, Pinto S, Alpizar YA, Boudes M, Gevaert T, et al. The use of cystometry in small rodents: a study of bladder chemosensation. J Vis Exp. 2012:e3869. doi: 10.3791/3869. PubMed PMID: 22929055; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3486752.
  69. Ozkurkcugil C, Ozkan L. Effects of anesthetics on cystometric parameters in female rats. Int Urol Nephrol. 2010;42:909-13. doi: 10.1007/s11255-010-9745-4. PubMed PMID: 20464486.
  70. Chang HY, Havton LA. Differential effects of urethane and isoflurane on external urethral sphincter electromyography and cystometry in rats. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2008;295:F1248-53. doi: 10.1152/ajprenal.90259.2008. PubMed PMID: 18753298; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC2576142.
آمار
تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 5,718
تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 2,756


سامانه مدیریت نشریات علمی. قدرت گرفته از سیناوب