- Ferlay J EM, Lam F, Laversanne M, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, et al. Global cancer observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. [22 November 2025] Available from: https://gco.iarc.who.int/today
- Ly D, Forman D, Ferlay J, Brinton LA, Cook MB. An international comparison of male and female breast cancer incidence rates. Int J Cancer. 2013;132(8):1918-26. doi: 10.1002/ijc.27841. PMID: 22987302; PMCID: PMC3553266.
- Arnold M, Morgan E, Rumgay H, Mafra A, Singh D, Laversanne M, et al. Current and future burden of breast cancer: Global statistics for 2020 and 2040. Breast. 2022;66:15-23. doi: 10.1016/j.breast.2022.08.010. PMID: 36084384; PMCID: PMC9465273.
- Orrantia-Borunda E, Anchondo-Nuñez P, Acuña-Aguilar LE, Gómez-Valles FO, Ramírez-Valdespino CA. Subtypes of Breast Cancer. In: Mayrovitz HN, editor. Breast Cancer [Internet]. Brisbane (AU): Exon Publications; 2022 Aug 6. Chapter 3. PMID: 36122153.
- PDQ Adult Treatment Editorial Board. Breast Cancer Treatment (PDQ®): Patient Version. 2024 Dec 11. In: PDQ Cancer Information Summaries [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Cancer Institute (US); 2002–. PMID: 26389406.
- National Cancer Institute (US). Drugs approved for breast cancer [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Cancer Institute; [16 November 2025]. Available from: https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/breast
- Javid H, Mohammadi F, Zahiri E, Hashemy SI. The emerging role of substance P/neurokinin-1 receptor signaling pathways in growth and development of tumor cells. J Physiol Biochem. 2019;75(4):415-21. doi: 10.1007/s13105-019-00697-1. PMID: 31372898.
- Graefe SB, Rahimi N, Mohiuddin SS. Biochemistry, Substance P. 2023 Jul 30. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2026 Jan–. PMID: 32119470.
- Behboodi F, Rezaei tavirani M, Yousefzadeh S, Bashizadeh-Fakhar H, Ashoorizadeh B, Faraji R, et al. Studying the proteomic pattern of cancerous tissue in patients with breast cancer and its' comparing with healthy breast. Zahedan J Res Med Sci. 2015;17(11):e2197. doi: 10.17795/zjrms-2197.
- Davey MG, Hynes SO, Kerin MJ, Miller N, Lowery AJ. Ki-67 as a prognostic biomarker in invasive breast cancer. Cancers (Basel). 2021;13(17):4455. doi: 10.3390/cancers13174455. PMID: 34503265; PMCID: PMC8430879.
- Al-Keilani MS, Bdeir R, Elstaty RI, Alqudah MA. Expression of substance P, neurokinin 1 receptor, Ki-67 and pyruvate kinase M2 in hormone receptor negative breast cancer and evaluation of impact on overall survival. BMC Cancer. 2023;23(1):158. doi: 10.1186/s12885-023-10633-8. PMID: 36797689; PMCID: PMC9936699.
- Rostamnejad E, Rashidi R, Akbari Z, Maghsoudloo M, Hashemi M, et al. Evaluation of the expression level of some coding and non-coding genes in breast cancer samples based on bioinformatics and laboratory studies. Int J Cancer Manag. 2024;17(1):e138413. doi: https://doi.org/10.5812/ijcm-138413
- Sağdıç MF, Özaslan C. Rare histological types of breast cancer: A single-center experience. Breast J. 2025;2025:1179914. doi: 10.1155/tbj/1179914. PMID: 40224949; PMCID: PMC11991780.
- Al-Keilani MS, Elstaty RI, Alqudah MA, Alkhateeb AM. Immunohistochemical expression of substance P in breast cancer and its association with prognostic parameters and Ki-67 index. PLoS One. 2021;16(6):e0252616. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252616. PMID: 34086748; PMCID: PMC8177477.
- Al-Keilani MS, Elstaty R, Alqudah MA. The prognostic potential of neurokinin 1 receptor in breast cancer and its relationship with Ki-67 index. Int J Breast Cancer. 2022;2022:4987912. doi: 10.1155/2022/4987912. PMID: 35419208; PMCID: PMC9001113.
- Gao JJ, Swain SM. Luminal A breast cancer and molecular assays: A review. Oncologist. 2018;23(5):556-65. doi: 10.1634/theoncologist.2017-0535. PMID: 29472313; PMCID: PMC5947456.
- Ignatov A, Eggemann H, Burger E, Ignatov T. Patterns of breast cancer relapse in accordance to biological subtype. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2018;144(7):1347-55. doi: 10.1007/s00432-018-2644-2. PMID: 29675790; PMCID: PMC11813410.
- Lafcı O, Celepli P, Seher Öztekin P, Koşar PN. DCE-MRI radiomics analysis in differentiating luminal A and luminal B breast cancer molecular subtypes. Acad Radiol. 2023;30(1):22-9. doi: 10.1016/j.acra.2022.04.004. PMID: 35595629.
- Wang J, Xu B. Targeted therapeutic options and future perspectives for HER2-positive breast cancer. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2019;4:34. doi: 10.1038/s41392-019-0069-2. PMID: 31637013; PMCID: PMC6799843.
- Waks AG, Winer EP. Breast cancer treatment: A review. JAMA. 2019;321(3):288-300. doi: 10.1001/jama.2018.19323. PMID: 30667505.
- Kumar P, Aggarwal R. An overview of triple-negative breast cancer. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2016;293(2):247-69. doi: 10.1007/s00404-015-3859-y. PMID: 26341644.
- Yam C, Mani SA, Moulder SL. Targeting the molecular subtypes of triple negative breast cancer: Understanding the diversity to progress the field. Oncologist. 2017;22(9):1086-93. doi: 10.1634/theoncologist.2017-0095. PMID: 28559413; PMCID: PMC5599192.
- Ratti E, Bettica P, Alexander R, Archer G, Carpenter D, Evoniuk G, et al. Full central neurokinin-1 receptor blockade is required for efficacy in depression: evidence from orvepitant clinical studies. J Psychopharmacol. 2013;27(5):424-34. doi: 10.1177/0269881113480990. PMID: 23539641.
- Karthaus M, Schiel X, Ruhlmann CH, Celio L. Neurokinin-1 receptor antagonists: review of their role for the prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting in adults. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2019;12(7):661-80. doi: 10.1080/17512433.2019.1621162. PMID: 31194593.
- Rodríguez FD, Coveñas R. The neurokinin-1 receptor: Structure dynamics and signaling. Receptors. 2022;1(1):54-71. doi: 10.3390/receptors1010004.
- Zhou Y, Zhao L, Xiong T, Chen X, Zhang Y, Yu M, et al. Roles of full-length and truncated neurokinin-1 receptors on tumor progression and distant metastasis in human breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2013;140(1):49-61. doi: 10.1007/s10549-013-2599-6. PMID: 23807418.
- Spitsin S, Pappa V, Douglas SD. Truncation of neurokinin-1 receptor-Negative regulation of substance P signaling. J Leukoc Biol. 2018. doi: 10.1002/jlb.3mir0817-348r. PMID: 29345372.
- Jurasekova Z, Garcia-Leis A, Sanchez-Cortes S, Tinti A, Torreggiani A. Structural analysis of the neuropeptide substance P by using vibrational spectroscopy. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2019;411(28):7419-30. doi: 10.1007/s00216-019-02097-2. PMID: 31494687.
- Singh RB, Naderi A, Cho W, Ortiz G, Musayeva A, Dohlman TH, et al. Modulating the tachykinin: Role of substance P and neurokinin receptor expression in ocular surface disorders. Ocul Surf. 2022;25:142-53. doi: 10.1016/j.jtos.2022.06.007. PMID: 35779793; PMCID: PMC10285737.
- Li LT, Jiang G, Chen Q, Zheng JN. Ki67 is a promising molecular target in the diagnosis of cancer (review). Mol Med Rep. 2015;11(3):1566-72. doi: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2914. PMID: 25384676.
- Probert J, Dodwell D, Broggio J, Charman J, Dowsett M, Kerr A, et al. Ki67 and breast cancer mortality in women with invasive breast cancer. JNCI Cancer Spectrum. 2023;7(5):pkad054. doi: 10.1093/jncics/pkad054.
- Chandrakanta, Nagayach P, Sonkar R, Bharti R, H K. Ki-67 expression in human oral squamous cell carcinoma Indian J Pathol Oncol. 2021;8(4):473-7. doi: doi:10.18231/j.ijpo.2021.098.
- Jabbarzadeh M, Hamblin MR, Pournaghi-Azar F, Vakili Saatloo M, Kouhsoltani M, Vahed N. Ki-67 expression as a diagnostic biomarker in odontogenic cysts and tumors: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects. 2021;15(1):66-75. doi: 10.34172/joddd.2021.012. PMID: 33927844; PMCID: PMC8058158.
- Inwald EC, Klinkhammer-Schalke M, Hofstädter F, Zeman F, Koller M, Gerstenhauer M, et al. Ki-67 is a prognostic parameter in breast cancer patients: results of a large population-based cohort of a cancer registry. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2013;139(2):539-52. doi: 10.1007/s10549-013-2560-8. PMID: 23674192; PMCID: PMC3669503.
- Ács B, Kulka J, Kovács KA, Teleki I, Tőkés AM, Meczker Á, et al. Comparison of 5 Ki-67 antibodies regarding reproducibility and capacity to predict prognosis in breast cancer: does the antibody matter? Hum Pathol. 2017;65:31-40. doi: 10.1016/j.humpath.2017.01.011. PMID: 28188752.
- Jafarinezhad S, Assaran Darban R, Javid H, Hashemy SI. The SP/NK1R system promotes the proliferation of breast cancer cells through NF-κB-mediated inflammatory responses. Cell Biochem Biophys. 2023;81(4):787-94. doi: 10.1007/s12013-023-01171-y. PMID: 37740877.
- Maolake A, Izumi K, Natsagdorj A, Iwamoto H, Kadomoto S, Makino T, et al. Tumor necrosis factor-α induces prostate cancer cell migration in lymphatic metastasis through CCR7 upregulation. Cancer Sci. 2018;109(5):1524-31. doi: 10.1111/cas.13586. PMID: 29575464; PMCID: PMC5980342.
- Martínez-Reza I, Díaz L, Barrera D, Segovia-Mendoza M, Pedraza-Sánchez S, Soca-Chafre G, et al. Calcitriol inhibits the proliferation of triple-negative breast cancer cells through a mechanism involving the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α. J Immunol Res. 2019;2019:6384278. doi: 10.1155/2019/6384278. PMID: 31093512; PMCID: PMC6481021.
- Ma JH, Qin L, Li X. Role of STAT3 signaling pathway in breast cancer. Cell Commun Signal. 2020;18(1):33. doi: 10.1186/s12964-020-0527-z. PMID: 32111215; PMCID: PMC7048131.
- Masjedi A, Hashemi V, Hojjat-Farsangi M, Ghalamfarsa G, Azizi G, Yousefi M, et al. The significant role of interleukin-6 and its signaling pathway in the immunopathogenesis and treatment of breast cancer. Biomed Pharmacother. 2018;108:1415-24. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.09.177. PMID: 30372844.
- Wang L, Wang N, Zhang R, Dong D, Liu R, Zhang L, et al. TGFβ regulates NK1R-Tr to affect the proliferation and apoptosis of breast cancer cells. Life Sci. 2020;256:117674. doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117674. PMID: 32380077.
- Peng Y, Wang Y, Zhou C, Mei W, Zeng C. PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway and its role in cancer therapeutics: Are we making headway? Front Oncol. 2022;12:819128. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2022.819128. PMID: 35402264; PMCID: PMC8987494.
- Ilmer M, Garnier A, Vykoukal J, Alt E, von Schweinitz D, Kappler R, et al. Targeting the neurokinin-1 receptor compromises canonical Wnt signaling in hepatoblastoma. Mol Cancer Ther. 2015;14(12):2712-21. doi: 10.1158/1535-7163.Mct-15-0206. PMID: 26516161.
- Zhou J, Ling J, Song H, Lv B, Wang L, Shang J, et al. Neurokinin-1 receptor is a novel positive regulator of Wnt/ β-catenin signaling in melanogenesis. Oncotarget. 2016;7(49):81268-80. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.13222. PMID: 27835606; PMCID: PMC5348391.
- Zhang XW, Li L, Hu WQ, Hu MN, Tao Y, Hu H, et al. Neurokinin-1 receptor promotes non-small cell lung cancer progression through transactivation of EGFR. Cell Death Dis. 2022;13(1):41. doi: 10.1038/s41419-021-04485-y. PMID: 35013118; PMCID: PMC8748918.
- Li J, Zeng Q, Zhang Y, Li X, Hu H, Miao X, et al. Neurokinin-1 receptor mediated breast cancer cell migration by increased expression of MMP-2 and MMP-14. Eur J Cell Biol. 2016;95(10):368-77. doi: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2016.07.005. PMID: 27498853.
- Salaroglio IC, Mungo E, Gazzano E, Kopecka J, Riganti C. ERK is a pivotal player of chemo-immune-resistance in cancer. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20(10):2505. doi: 10.3390/ijms20102505. PMID: 31117237; PMCID: PMC6566596.
- Thielen NGM, van der Kraan PM, van Caam APM. TGFβ/BMP signaling pathway in cartilage homeostasis. Cells. 2019;8(9):969. doi: 10.3390/cells8090969. PMID: 31450621; PMCID: PMC6769927.
- Ebrahimi S, Javid H, Alaei A, Hashemy SI. New insight into the role of substance P/neurokinin-1 receptor system in breast cancer progression and its crosstalk with microRNAs. Clin Genet. 2020;98(4):322-30. doi: 10.1111/cge.13750. PMID: 32266968.
- Wee P, Wang Z. Epidermal growth factor receptor cell proliferation signaling pathways. Cancers (Basel). 2017;9(5). doi: 10.3390/cancers9050052. PMID: 28513565; PMCID: PMC5447962.
- Uribe ML, Marrocco I, Yarden Y. EGFR in cancer: Signaling mechanisms, drugs, and acquired resistance. Cancers (Basel). 2021;13(11):2748. doi: 10.3390/cancers13112748. PMID: 34206026; PMCID: PMC8197917.
- Zhang Y, Li X, Li J, Hu H, Miao X, Song X, et al. Human hemokinin-1 promotes migration of melanoma cells and increases MMP-2 and MT1-MMP expression by activating tumor cell NK1 receptors. Peptides. 2016;83:8-15. doi: 10.1016/j.peptides.2016.07.004. PMID: 27458061.
- Garcia-Recio S, Fuster G, Fernandez-Nogueira P, Pastor-Arroyo EM, Park SY, Mayordomo C, et al. Substance P autocrine signaling contributes to persistent HER2 activation that drives malignant progression and drug resistance in breast cancer. Cancer Res. 2013;73(21):6424-34. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.Can-12-4573. PMID: 24030979.
- Muñoz M, Coveñas R. Involvement of substance P and the NK-1 receptor in human pathology. Amino Acids. 2014;46(7):1727-50. doi: 10.1007/s00726-014-1736-9. PMID: 24705689.
- Berger M, Neth O, Ilmer M, Garnier A, Salinas-Martín MV, de Agustín Asencio JC, et al. Hepatoblastoma cells express truncated neurokinin-1 receptor and can be growth inhibited by aprepitant in vitro and in vivo. J Hepatol. 2014;60(5):985-94. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2013.12.024. PMID: 24412605.
- Davoodian M, Boroumand N, Mehrabi Bahar M, Jafarian AH, Asadi M, Hashemy SI. Evaluation of serum level of substance P and tissue distribution of NK-1 receptor in breast cancer. Mol Biol Rep. 2019;46(1):1285-93. doi: 10.1007/s11033-019-04599-9. PMID: 30684188.
- Muñoz M, González-Ortega A, Salinas-Martín MV, Carranza A, Garcia-Recio S, Almendro V, et al. The neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist aprepitant is a promising candidate for the treatment of breast cancer. Int J Oncol. 2014;45(4):1658-72. doi: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2565.
- Bigioni M, Benzo A, Irrissuto C, Maggi CA, Goso C. Role of NK-1 and NK-2 tachykinin receptor antagonism on the growth of human breast carcinoma cell line MDA-MB-231. Anticancer Drugs. 2005;16(10):1083-9. doi: 10.1097/00001813-200511000-00007. PMID: 16222150.
- Cirillo R, Astolfi M, Conte B, Lopez G, Parlani M, Terracciano R, et al. Pharmacology of the peptidomimetic, MEN 11149, a new potent, selective and orally effective tachykinin NK1 receptor antagonist. Eur J Pharmacol. 1998;341(2-3):201-9. doi: 10.1016/s0014-2999(97)01453-2. PMID: 9543241.
- Niu XL, Hou JF, Li JX. The NK1 receptor antagonist NKP608 inhibits proliferation of human colorectal cancer cells via Wnt signaling pathway. Biol Res. 2018;51(1):14. doi: 10.1186/s40659-018-0163-x. PMID: 29843798; PMCID: PMC5975706.
- Beaujouan JC, Heuillet E, Petitet F, Saffroy M, Torrens Y, Glowinski J. Higher potency of RP 67580, in the mouse and the rat compared with other nonpeptide and peptide tachykinin NK1 antagonists. Br J Pharmacol. 1993;108(3):793-800. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1993.tb12880.x. PMID: 7682138; PMCID: PMC1908019.
- Nizam E, Erin N. Differential consequences of neurokinin receptor 1 and 2 antagonists in metastatic breast carcinoma cells; Effects independent of Substance P. Biomed Pharmacother. 2018;108:263-70. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.09.013. PMID: 30223097.
- Huang WQ, Wang JG, Chen L, Wei HJ, Chen H. SR140333 counteracts NK-1 mediated cell proliferation in human breast cancer cell line T47D. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2010;29(1):55. doi: 10.1186/1756-9966-29-55. PMID: 20497542; PMCID: PMC2890547.
- Patel HJ, Ramkissoon SH, Patel PS, Rameshwar P. Transformation of breast cells by truncated neurokinin-1 receptor is secondary to activation by preprotachykinin-A peptides. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005;102(48):17436-41. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0506351102. PMID: 16291810; PMCID: PMC1297665.
- Muñoz M, Coveñas R. Neurokinin-1 receptor: A new promising target in the treatment of cancer. Discov Med. 2010;10(53):305-13. PMID: 21034671.
- Muñoz M, Rosso M, Coveñas R. The NK-1 receptor: a new target in cancer therapy. Curr Drug Targets. 2011;12(6):909-21. doi: 10.2174/138945011795528796. PMID: 21226668.
- Singh MT, Thaggikuppe Krishnamurthy P, Magham SV. Harnessing the synergistic potential of NK1R antagonists and selective COX-2 inhibitors for simultaneous targeting of TNBC cells and cancer stem cells. J Drug Target. 2024;32(3):258-69. doi: 10.1080/1061186X.2024.2309568. PMID: 38252517.
- Alfieri, A.B. y Cubeddu L.X. . Efectos de los Antagonistas de los Receptores NK1 y de la Dexametasona sobre la inflamación neurogénica inducida por ciclofosfamida y por radiación X, en la rata. Archivos Venezolanos de Farmacología y Terapéutica. 2004;23(1): .[fecha de Consulta 27 de Abril de 2026]. ISSN: 0798-0264. Available from: https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=55923111
- Kitchens CA, McDonald PR, Pollack IF, Wipf P, Lazo JS. Synergy between microtubule destabilizing agents and neurokinin 1 receptor antagonists identified by an siRNA synthetic lethal screen. The FASEB Journal. 2009;23(S1):756.13. doi: 10.1096/fasebj.23.1_supplement.756.13.
- Mayuri M, Krishnamurthy PT, Vijayakumar TM. NK1 receptor antagonistic effect of 17-trifluoromethyl phenyl trinor prostaglandin F2α on the growth of human breast cancer cell line. Exp Mol Pathol. 2022;127:104817. doi: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2022.104817. PMID: 35901925.
|