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Safari, Fateme, Ghani Zadeh Hesar, Narmin, Khanmohammadi, Razieh. (1405). Differences in Distance Perception and Balance in Female Students with and without Upper Crossed Syndrome: A Comparative Study. سامانه مدیریت نشریات علمی, 13(2), -. doi: 10.30476/intjsh.2026.106793.1515
Fateme Safari; Narmin Ghani Zadeh Hesar; Razieh Khanmohammadi. "Differences in Distance Perception and Balance in Female Students with and without Upper Crossed Syndrome: A Comparative Study". سامانه مدیریت نشریات علمی, 13, 2, 1405, -. doi: 10.30476/intjsh.2026.106793.1515
Safari, Fateme, Ghani Zadeh Hesar, Narmin, Khanmohammadi, Razieh. (1405). 'Differences in Distance Perception and Balance in Female Students with and without Upper Crossed Syndrome: A Comparative Study', سامانه مدیریت نشریات علمی, 13(2), pp. -. doi: 10.30476/intjsh.2026.106793.1515
Safari, Fateme, Ghani Zadeh Hesar, Narmin, Khanmohammadi, Razieh. Differences in Distance Perception and Balance in Female Students with and without Upper Crossed Syndrome: A Comparative Study. سامانه مدیریت نشریات علمی, 1405; 13(2): -. doi: 10.30476/intjsh.2026.106793.1515

Differences in Distance Perception and Balance in Female Students with and without Upper Crossed Syndrome: A Comparative Study

International Journal of School Health
مقاله 4، دوره 13، شماره 2 - شماره پیاپی 49، تیر 2026    اصل مقاله (420.17 K)
نوع مقاله: Research Article (s)
شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.30476/intjsh.2026.106793.1515
نویسندگان
Fateme Safari1؛ Narmin Ghani Zadeh Hesar* 1؛ Razieh Khanmohammadi2
1Department of Exercise Physiology and Corrective Exercises, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
2Department of Motor Behavior and Sport Management, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
چکیده
Background: Upper Crossed Syndrome (UCS), a common postural condition characterized by muscle imbalances, can affect proprioception, balance, and functional abilities. This comparative study aimed to investigate differences in distance perception and dynamic balance between female students with and without UCS.
Method: This field-based descriptive and comparative study was conducted in 2025. A total of 72 female students aged 15–18 years from Ajabshir, East Azerbaijan Province, Iran were screened using a grid-based postural assessment and divided into two groups: with UCS (n=36) and without UCS (n=36). Thoracic kyphosis was measured using the Goniometer-Pro app, while forward head posture and shoulder protraction were evaluated via body profile photography analyzed by Kinovea software. Dynamic balance was assessed using the Y-Balance Test, and distance perception was measured using a blindfolded walking task in which participants walked toward the remembered location of a visually presented target. Data were analyzed using independent t-tests in SPSS version 25, with a significance level of 0.05.
Results: The results indicated no significant differences in distance perception between the two groups (P=0.675, Cohen’s d=- 0.10). However, students with UCS exhibited significantly reduced dynamic balance compared with their peers without UCS (P=0.001, Cohen’s d=5.79), indicating a very large effect size.
Conclusion: These findings suggested that while UCS may not directly affect distance perception in young individuals, it substantially impairs dynamic balance. This highlights the need for targeted interventions to improve postural stability in affected individuals. The long-term effects of UCS on sensory-motor functions in a variety of groups should be further investigated.
کلیدواژه‌ها
Distance Perception؛ Postural Balance؛ Proprioception؛ Balance
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