LinkedIn

 آمار

تعداد نشریات20
تعداد شماره‌ها1,254
تعداد مقالات11,420
تعداد مشاهده مقاله81,782,919
تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله120,940,753
Hama, Dlkhwaz Ahmed, Murshed, Wael Majeed, Palani, Zirak MR, Shekhani, Dawod Noori M. (1404). Causes and Health Issues of Iron Deficiency in Children: A Review. سامانه مدیریت نشریات علمی, (), -. doi: 10.30476/ijns.2026.106258.1433
Dlkhwaz Ahmed Hama; Wael Majeed Murshed; Zirak MR Palani; Dawod Noori M Shekhani. "Causes and Health Issues of Iron Deficiency in Children: A Review". سامانه مدیریت نشریات علمی, , , 1404, -. doi: 10.30476/ijns.2026.106258.1433
Hama, Dlkhwaz Ahmed, Murshed, Wael Majeed, Palani, Zirak MR, Shekhani, Dawod Noori M. (1404). 'Causes and Health Issues of Iron Deficiency in Children: A Review', سامانه مدیریت نشریات علمی, (), pp. -. doi: 10.30476/ijns.2026.106258.1433
Hama, Dlkhwaz Ahmed, Murshed, Wael Majeed, Palani, Zirak MR, Shekhani, Dawod Noori M. Causes and Health Issues of Iron Deficiency in Children: A Review. سامانه مدیریت نشریات علمی, 1404; (): -. doi: 10.30476/ijns.2026.106258.1433

Causes and Health Issues of Iron Deficiency in Children: A Review

International Journal of Nutrition Sciences
مقالات آماده انتشار، پذیرفته شده، انتشار آنلاین از تاریخ 29 بهمن 1404    اصل مقاله (430.18 K)
نوع مقاله: Review Article
شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.30476/ijns.2026.106258.1433
نویسندگان
Dlkhwaz Ahmed Hama* 1؛ Wael Majeed Murshed2؛ Zirak MR Palani3؛ Dawod Noori M Shekhani3
1Sulaimani Polytechnic University, Technical College of Applied Sciences, Food Sciences and Quality Control, Halabja, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
2Department of Eyesight Examination, Hawija Technical Institute, Northern Technical University, Iraq
3Department of Animal Production, College of Agriculture, Kirkuk University, Kirkuk, Iraq
چکیده
Iron is a crucial micronutrient vital for child growth and development, particularly during their initial two years of life who are at an increased risk of iron deficiency anemia that can delay psychomotor development as iron binds to hemoglobin and proteins like myoglobin, transferrin, and ferritin. Iron participates in collagen synthesis, vitamin D metabolism, and dopaminergic functions too. Term infants rely on iron intake after depleting their reserves by the sixth month of life. The body efficiently recycles iron, with daily losses primarily from cell desquamation, urine, sweat, and feces. The intestinal tract plays a pivotal role in iron recycling and adjusting absorption based on body needs and age groups. Causes can be delayed introduction of complementary foods, cow’s milk consumption, and dietary inhibitors like calcium and phytates. Individuals at risk of iron deficiency include preterm infants, low birth weight babies, and those with reduced gastric acidity. Prevention strategies encompass dietary modifications, iron supplementation, fortification, and biofortification. Breastfeeding, iron-containing complementary foods, and dietary diversity are recommended as preventive measures. In conclusion, this comprehensive review provides insights into the iron deficiency causes, and its profound impact on child health. Understanding these aspects is crucial for designing effective strategies to prevent and address iron deficiency globally.

تازه های تحقیق

Dlkhwaz Ahmed Hama (Google Scholar)

کلیدواژه‌ها
Iron deficiency؛ Children؛ Anemia؛ Hemoglobin؛ Micronutrient
مراجع
  1. WHO, Guideline: intermittent iron supplementation in preschool and school-age children: World Health Organization, 2011.
  2. Moradpour GR, Minaei MR, Haghighat N, et al. The Effect of Gastric Bypass and Sleeve Gastrectomy Surgery on the Level of Vitamin A, Iron, Copper, Ferritin, Hemoglobin, Vitamin D, Vitamin B12, Zinc and Cardiometabolic Factors in Patients with Morbid Obesity. Int J Nutr Sci. 2025;10:467-475. DOI: 10.30476/ijns.2025.104992.1386.
  3. Lönnerdal B. Development of iron homeostasis in infants and young children. Am J Clin Nutr. 2017;106:1575S-1580S. DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.117.155820. PMID: 29070561.
  4. Zare P, Sohrabi Z, Haghighat N, et al. Changes in Ferritin and Hemoglobin Levels in Obese Patients before and after Bariatric Surgery: A Cohort Study. Int J Nutr Sci. 2024;9:101-108. DOI: 10.30476/IJNS.2024.101242.1294.
  5. Queiroz S de S, Torres MA. Iron deficiency anemia in children. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2000:76 Suppl 3:S298-304. DOI: 10.2223/jped.167. PMID: 14676907.
  6. Amini M, Zare A, Sobhani Z, et al. The Effect of Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy on Serum Iron Level. Int J Nutr Sci. 2018;3:212-215.
  7. Subramaniam G, Girish M. Iron deficiency anemia in children. 2015;82:558-64. DOI: 10.1007/s12098-014-1643-9. PMID: 25636824.
  8. Saboor M, Zehra A, Hamali HA, et al. Revisiting Iron Metabolism, Iron Homeostasis and Iron Deficiency Anemia. Clin Lab. 2021;67. DOI: 10.7754/Clin.Lab.2020.200742. PMID: 33739032.
  9. Montoro-Huguet MA, Santolaria-Piedrafita S, Cañamares-Orbis P, et al. Iron deficiency in celiac disease: prevalence, health impact, and clinical management. Nutrients. 2021;13:3437. DOI: 10.3390/nu13103437. PMID: 34684433.
  10. Salehi M, Ershad M. Food Pattern of Non-Anemic Nomadic Women Living in Fars Province, Southern Iran as a Vegetarian Recipe. Int J Nutr Sci. 2016;1:16-22.
  11. Carapetis JR, Dadi AF. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet. 2017;390:1211-1259. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32154-2. PMID: 28919117.
  12. Pasalar M, Mehrabani D, Afrasiabi A, et al. Prevalence of thalassaemia, iron-deficiency anamia and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency among arab migrating nomad children, southern Islamic Republic of Iran. East Mediterr Health J. 2014;20:726-731. PMID: 25601811.
  13. Yang J, Li Q, Feng Y, et al. Iron Deficiency and Iron Deficiency Anemia: Potential Risk Factors in Bone Loss. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24:6891. DOI: 10.3390/ijms24086891. PMID: 37108056.
  14. Karimi M, Mehrabani D, Pasalar M, et al. Thalassemia, Iron And G6pd Deficiency In Lor Migrating Nomad Children, Southern Iran. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2010;12:441-445.‏ PMID: 25601811.
  15. Holst SC, H.-P. Landolt HP. Sleep-wake neurochemistry. Sleep Med Clin. 2018;13:137-146. DOI: 10.1016/j.jsmc.2018.03.002. PMID: 29759265.
  16. Blanco-Rojo R, Vaquero MP. Iron bioavailability from food fortification to precision nutrition. A review. Innovat Food Sci Emerg Technol. 2019;51:126-138. DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2018.04.015.
  17. Mehrabani D, Vahedi M, Eftekhari MH, et al. Food Avoidance in Patients with Ulcerative Colitis: A Review. Int J Nutr Sci. 2017;2:189-195.
  18. Rutzke CJ, Glahn RP, Rutzke MA, et al. Bioavailability of iron from spinach using an in vitro/human Caco-2 cell bioassay model. Habitation. 2004;10:7-14. DOI: 10.3727/154296604774808900. PMID: 15880905.
  19. Mehrabani D, Karimi M, Pasalar M, et al. Frequency Of Thalassemia, Iron And Glucose-6phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency Among Turkish Migrating Nomad Children In Southern Iran. Acta Med Iran. 2008;47:1-5.
  20. Piskin E, Cianciosi D, Gulec S, et al. Iron absorption: factors, limitations, and improvement methods. ACS omega. 2022;7:20441-20456. DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c01833. PMID: 35755397.
  21. Czerwonka M, Tokarz A. Iron in red meat–friend or foe. Meat Sci. 2017;123:157-165. DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2016.09.012. PMID: 27744145.
  22. Mehrabani D, Masoumi SJ, Masoumi AS, et al. Role of Diet in Mesenchymal Stem Cells’ Function: A Review. Int J Nutr Sci. 2023;8:9-19. DOI: 10.30476/IJNS.2023.97788.1221.
  23. Verediano TA, Agarwal N, Gomes MJC, et al. Effects of dietary fiber on intestinal iron absorption, and physiological status: a systematic review of in vivo and clinical studies. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2023;63:9017-9032. DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2060933. PMID: 35403512.
  24. Hashemi SS, Niknam Z, Zebarjad MS, et al. Tracking the healing effect of human Wharton's jelly stem cells labeled with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles seeded onto polyvinyl alcohol/chitosan/carbon nanotubes in burn wounds by MRI and Prussian blue staining. Biomed Mater. 2025;20. Doi: 10.1088/1748-605X/ad9fc6. PMID: 39681069.
  25. Jalli R, Mehrabani D, Zare S, et al. Cell Proliferation, Viability, Differentiation, and Apoptosis of Iron Oxide Labeled Stem Cells Transfected with Lipofectamine Assessed by MRI. J Clin Med. 2023;12:2395. DOI: 10.3390/jcm12062395. PMID: 36983399.
  26. Sharp PA. Intestinal iron absorption: regulation by dietary & systemic factors. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2010;80:31-242. DOI: 10.1024/0300-9831/a000029. PMID: 21462105.
  27. Mehrabani D, Nazempour M, Mehdinavaz-Aghdam R, et al. MRI tracking of human Wharton's jelly stem cells seeded onto acellular dermal matrix labeled with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles in burn wounds. Burns Trauma. 2022;10:tkac018. DOI: 10.1093/burnst/tkac018. PMID: 36380853.
  28. Abbaspour N, Hurrell R, Kelishadi R. Review on iron and its importance for human health. J Res Med Sci. 2014;19:164-74. PMID: 24778671.
  29. U.N.U. United Nations Children's Fund, World Health Organization, "Iron deficiency anaemia. Assessment, prevention and control. A guide for programme managers (WHO/NHD/01.3). 2001;15-31.
  30. Beardv J, deRegnier RA, Shaw MD, et al. Diagnosis of iron deficiency in infants. Lab Med. 2007;38;103-108. DOI:10.1309/7KJ11RX758UKLXXM.
  31. Aliborzi G, Vahdati A, Mehrabani D, et al. Isolation, characterization and growth D kinetic comparison of bone marrow and adipose tissue mesenchymal stem cells of Guinea pig. Int J Stem Cell. 2016;9:115. DOI: 10.15283/ijsc.2016.9.1.115. PMID: 27426093
  32. Khotimah LH. Gambaran Jenis Anemia Berdasarkan Indeks Eritrosit Pada Ibu Hamil Usia Risiko Tinggi Di Puskesmas Way Kandis Kota Bandar Lampung Tahun 2020-2021. Poltekkes Tanjungkarang. 2022.
  33. Aksu T, Ünal Ş. Iron Deficiency Anemia in Infancy, Childhood, and Adolescence. Turk Arch Pediatr. 2023;58:358-362. DOI: 10.5152/TurkArchPediatr.2023.23049. PMID: 37357449.
  34. Tabatabaie SM, Mojani-Qomi MS, Shiehmorteza M. The Prevalence and Predictors of Dietary Supplements Use among Female University Students in Tehran, Iran. Int J Nutr Sci. 2025;10:568-576. DOI: 10.30476/ijns.2025.106036.1421.
  35. WHO. Serum ferritin concentrations for the assessment of iron status and iron deficiency in populations. World Health Organization; 2011.
  36. Abdel-Rasoul GM, El Bahnasy RE, El Shazly HM, et al. Epidemiology of iron-deficiency anemia among primary school children (6-11 years), Menoufia governorate, Egypt. Menoufia Med J. 2015;28:663. DOI: 10.4103/1110-2098.165127.
  37. McLean E, Cogswell M, Egli I, et al. Worldwide prevalence of anaemia, WHO vitamin and mineral nutrition information system, 1993–2005. Public Health Nutr. 2009;12:444-454. DOI: 10.1017/S1368980008002401. PMID: 18498676.
  38. Pasricha SR, Tye-Din J, Muckenthaler MU, et al. Swinkels, Iron deficiency. Lancet. 2021;397:233-248. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32594-0. PMID: 33285139.
  39. Baker R, Greer F. Committee on Nutrition American Academy of Pediatrics. Diagnosis and prevention of iron deficiency and iron-deficiency anemia in infants and young children (0-3 years of age). Pediatrics. 2010;126:1040-50. DOI: 10.1542/peds.2010-2576. PMID: 20923825.
  40. Khademolhosseini F, Mehrabani D, Zare N, et al. Prevalence Of Dyspepsia And Its Correlation With Demographic Factors And Lifestyle In Shiraz, Southern Iran. Middle East J Dig Dis. 2010;2:56-62. PMID: 25197509.
  41. Domellöf M, Braegger C, Campoy C, et al. Iron requirements of infants and toddlers. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2014;58:119-29. DOI: 10.1097/MPG.0000000000000206. PMID: 24135983.
  42. W Guideline. Daily iron supplementation in infants and children. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2016.
  43. Özdemir N. Iron deficiency anemia from diagnosis to treatment in children. Turk Pediatri Ars. 2015;50:11-9. DOI: 10.5152/tpa.2015.2337. PMID: 26078692.
  44. Mushi J, Malasa L, Kalingonji A, et al. Iron Deficiency and Iron Deficiency Anemia Among Children 3 to 59 Months of Age in Kinondoni Municipal, Dar es Salaam: A Facility-Based Cross-Sectional Study. East Afr Sci. 2023;5:41-47.
  45. Hurrell R. How to ensure adequate iron absorption from iron-fortified food. Nutr Rev. 2002;60:S7-15. DOI: 10.1301/002966402320285137. PMID: 12141601.
  1. Ross AC, Caballero B, Cousins RJ, et al. Tucker, Modern nutrition in health and disease: Jones & Bartlett Learning, 2020.
  2. Sadjjadi S, Oryan A, Jalai AR, et al. Prevalence and intensity of infestation with Toxocara cati in stray cats in Shiraz, Iran. Vet Arhiv. 2001;7:149-57.
  3. Davarpanah MA, Rasekhi Kazerouni A, Rahmati H, et al. The prevalence of pediculus capitis among the middle schoolchildren in Fars Province, southern Iran. Caspian J Intern Med. 2013;4:607-10. PMID: 24009945.
  4. Crompton DW, Nesheim MC. Nutritional impact of intestinal helminthiasis during the human life cycle. Annu Rev Nutr. 2002:22:35-59. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.nutr.22.120501.134539.PMID: 12055337.
  5. Hedayati A, Homayuon M, Mobaracky A, et al. Lithium Chloride, Ketogenic Diet and Stem Cell Transplantation in Treatment of Bipolar Disorder. Int J Nutr Sci. 2024;9:80-82. DOI: 10.30476/IJNS.2024.99601.1250.
  6. Unicef and WHO. WHO: Iron deficiency anaemia: assessment, prevention, and control. A guide for programme managers, 2001.
  7. Kato S, Gold BD, Kato A. Helicobacter pylori-associated iron deficiency anemia in childhood and adolescence-pathogenesis and clinical management strategy. J Clin Med. 2022;11:7351. DOI: 10.3390/jcm11247351. PMID: 36555966.
  8. Dewey KG. Nutrition, growth, and complementary feeding of the brestfed infant. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2001;48:87-104. DOI: 10.1016/s0031-3955(05)70287-x. PMID: 11236735.
  9. McCarthy EK, ní Chaoimh C, Hourihane JOB, et al. Iron intakes and status of 2‐year‐old children in the Cork BASELINE Birth Cohort Study. Matern Child Nutr. 2017;13:e12320. DOI: 10.1111/mcn.12320. PMID: 27501864.
  10. Georgieff MK. Long-term brain and behavioral consequences of early iron deficiency. Nutr Rev. 2011;69 Suppl 1:S43-8.
  1. Haider LM, Schwingshackl L, Hoffmann G, et al. The effect of vegetarian diets on iron status in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2018;58:1359-1374. DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2016.1259210. PMID: 27880062.
  2. Moradi AM, Aj O, Paydar S, et al. The effect of blood loss in the presence and absence of severe tissue damage on hemodynamic and metabolic parameters in experimental rat model. Emerg (Tehran). 2015 Fall;3(4):150-4. PMID: 26495405.
  3. Rahnama M, Mehrabani D, Japoni S, et al. The healing effect of licorice (glycyrrhiza glabra) on Helicobacter pylori infected peptic ulcers. J Res Med Sci. 2013;18:532-533. PMID: 24250708.
  4. Prentice AM, Bah A, Jallow MW, et al. Respiratory infections drive hepcidin-mediated blockade of iron absorption leading to iron deficiency anemia in African children. Sci Adv. 2019;:eaav9020. DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aav9020. PMID: 30944864.
  5. Mantadakis E, Chatzimichael E, Zikidou P. Iron deficiency anemia in children residing in high and low-income countries: risk factors, prevention, diagnosis and therapy. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis. 2020;12:e2020041. DOI: 10.4084/MJHID.2020.041. PMID: 32670519.
  6. Moscheo C, Licciardello M, Samperi P, et al. New Insights into iron deficiency anemia in children: A practical review. Metabolites. 2022;12:289. DOI: 10.3390/metabo12040289.PMID: 35448476.
  7. U. Ramakrishnan, Nutritional anemias: CRC press, 2000.
  8. Lashkarizadeh MM, Ghaedi A, Abolghasemi H, et al. Comparison of gauze packing, sponge-based, and hemostatic surgicel wound stasis dressings to treat hemorrhages from grade IV liver injuries: An experimental study. Heliyon. 2024;10:e39894. DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e39894. PMID: 39539973.
  9. Gutema BT, Sorrie MB, Megersa ND, et al. Effects of iron supplementation on cognitive development in school-age children: Systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2023;18:e0287703. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287703. PMID: 37368919.
  10. Saeidi M, Vakili R, Khakshour A, et al. Iron and Multivitamin Supplements in Children and its Association with Growth rate. 2013.
  11. Geng F, Mai X, Zhan J, et al. Impact of fetal-neonatal iron deficiency on recognition memory at 2 months of age. J Pediatr.2015;167:1226-32. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.08.035. PMID: 26382625.
  12. Gülfer A. Sleep Quality in Children with Iron Deficiency Anemia. Online Türk Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 2023;8:233-238.
  13. Cascio MJ, DeLoughery TG. Anemia: evaluation and diagnostic tests. Med Clin North Am. 2017;101:263-284. DOI: 10.1016/j.mcna.2016.09.003. PMID: 28189170 .
  14. Miller JL. Iron deficiency anemia: a common and curable disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2013;3:a011866. DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a011866. PMID: 23613366.
  15. Reiner RC, Olsen HE, Ikeda CT, et al. Diseases, injuries, and risk factors in child and adolescent health, 1990 to 2017: findings from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors 2017 Study. JAMA Pediatr. 2019;173:e190337. DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.0337. PMID: 31034019.
  16. WHO. Essential Nutrition Actions. World Health Organization. 2013.
  17. Heffron R, Thomson K, Celum C, et al. Fertility intentions, pregnancy, and use of PrEP and ART for safer conception among East African HIV serodiscordant couples. AIDS Behav. 2018;22:1758-1765. DOI: 10.1007/s10461-017-1902-7. PMID: 28894986.
  18. WHO. Global status report on blood safety and availability 2021. 2022.
  19. Safiri S, Kolahi AA, Noori M, et al. Burden of anemia and its underlying causes in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. J Hematol Oncol. 202114:185. DOI: 10.1186/s13045-021-01202-2. PMID: 34736513.
  20. Idievna SG. The effect of dental treatment-profilactics on the condition of oral cavity organs in children with traumatic stomatitis. Tibbiyotdayangikun Scientific-Abstract, Cultural Educational J Bukhara. 2022;5:103-106.
  21. Shetah AN, Alhermas MSA, Alsuliman MS, et al. Prevalence and Predictors of Iron Deficiency Anemia among Children in Saudi Arabia. Annal Clin Analytic Med. 2023;10.
  22. Wiafe MA, Ayenu J, Eli-Cophie D. A review of the risk factors for iron deficiency anaemia among adolescents in developing countries. Anemia. 2023:2023:6406286. DOI: 10.1155/2023/6406286. PMID: 36636253.
  23. Marengo-Rowe AJ. Structure-function relations of human hemoglobins. Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent). 2006;19:239-45. DOI: 10.1080/08998280.2006.11928171. PMID: 17252042.
  24. Hajihoseini M, Vahdati A, Ebrahim Hosseini S, et al. Induction of spermatogenesis after stem cell therapy of azoospermic guinea pigs. Vet Arhiv. 2017;87:333-50.
  25. Mukhamadeevich RZ. Features of the Course of Iron Deficiency Anemia in Children. Amaliy Va Tibbiyot Fanlari Ilmiy J. 2023;2:266-269.
  26. Palani ZMR, Al-Jaf HI, Raheem SM. Effect of addition of selenium to kurdi sheep and its interactions with some necessary and toxic elements on health and the environment. Plant Arch. 2019;19:3963-3970.
  27. Palani ZMR, Al-Obaidy MH, Hameed K. Effect of Selenium and Zinc supplements on each individual or mixture on somecarcass characteristics and Glutathione activity in Male Lambs Kurdi Breed Sheep. Plant Arch. 2020;20:234.
  28. Dalawi RHH, Al-Hadeedy IY. Influence of different levels of dietary supplementation Phytase enzyme upon growth performance, carcass traits and some biochemical parameters of local Japanese quail. Plant Arch. 2019;19.
  29. Al-Hadeedy IY, Al-Nuaimi MIA, Ali AR. Effect of adding local minerals clay (meqdadia) in the female japanese quail diets upon production performance, egg quality and carcass traits. Indian Journal of Public Health Research and Development. 2019;10. DOI:10.5958/0976-5506.2019.02020.5.
  30. Leung AK, Lam JM, Wong AH, et al. Iron deficiency anemia: an updated review. Curr Pediatr Rev. 2024;20:339-356. DOI: 10.2174/1573396320666230727102042. PMID: 37497686.
  1. Sharawat IK, Singh J, Dawman L, et al. Evaluation of risk factors associated with first episode febrile seizure. J Clin Diagn Res. 2016;10:SC10-3. DOI: 10.7860JCDR/2016/18635.7853. PMID: 27437319.
آمار
تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 12
تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 7


سامانه مدیریت نشریات علمی. قدرت گرفته از سیناوب