Background: Despite the ongoing advancements in educational content and teacher training systems, the emphasis on blended learning strategies, such as mindfulness-based education in physical education (PE), is of particular significance. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of incorporating mindfulness education into PE on students’ motivation, willingness to engage, and levels of physical activity (PA). Methods: This study employed a quasi-experimental design, which included both pre-test and post-test assessments in conjunction with a control group. The target population consisted of male high school students aged 15 to 18 in Golestan province, Iran, during the year 2024. A convenience sampling method was used to select 40 participants, who were then randomly allocated to either the experimental or control groups through a simple randomization technique. To evaluate the variables of the study, Revised Sports Motivation Scale (SSM-R), Physical Activity Intention Questionnaire (PAIQ), and an accelerometer were employed. The mindfulness educational program was conducted over a span of 12 weeks, with one session each week, culminating in a total of 12 sessions. Data analysis was performed using paired and independent t-tests via SPSS version 27. Results: The results indicated that the participants exhibited a relatively low level of PA. Furthermore, the findings revealed that participation in the mindfulness training significantly enhanced the motivation (3.43±0.23 and 4.63±0.34 in the pretest and posttest, respectively, P<0.001), intention (2.39±0.19 and 3.29±0.24 in the pretest and posttest, respectively, P<0.001), and PA levels (22.39±5.73 and 28.24±5.73 in the pretest and posttest, respectively, P<0.001). Conclusion: The results of this study highlighted the significance of incorporating mindfulness practices within PE. In light of these findings, it is advisable for PE educators to focus on the implementation of mindfulness-based interventions. Moreover, further research could investigate additional strategies, including meditation and cognitive-behavioral approaches, to enhance the effectiveness of PE programs. |
- McLoughlin GM, Graber KC. The Contribution of Physical Education to Physical Activity Within a Comprehensive School Health Promotion Program. Res Q Exerc Sport. 2021;92(4):669-679. doi: 10.1080/02701367.2020.1765952. PubMed PMID: 32809917. ##
- Wiium N. Physical Education and Its Importance to Physical Activity, Vegetable Consumption and Thriving in High School Students in Norway. Nutrients. 2021;13(12):4432. doi: 10.3390/nu13124432. PubMed PMID: 34959984; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC8709296. ##
- Ramires VV, Dos Santos PC, Barbosa Filho VC, Bandeira ADS, Marinho Tenório MC, de Camargo EM, et al. Physical Education for Health Among School-Aged Children and Adolescents: A Scoping Review of Reviews. J Phys Act Health. 2023;20(7):586-599. doi: 10.1123/jpah.2022-0395. PubMed PMID: 37156540. ##
- Berki T, Tarjányi Z. The Role of Physical Activity, Enjoyment of Physical Activity, and School Performance in Learning Motivation among High School Students in Hungary. Children (Basel). 2022;9(3):320. doi: 10.3390/children9030320. PubMed PMID: 35327692; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC8947599. ##
- Ługowska K, Kolanowski W, Trafialek J. Increasing Physical Activity at School Improves Physical Fitness of Early Adolescents. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023;20(3):2348. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20032348. PubMed PMID: 36767711; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC9915395. ##
- Moral-Garcia JE, Jiménez A, Cabaco AS, Jiménez-Eguizabal A. The Role of Physical Activity and School Physical Education in Enhancing School Satisfaction and Life Satisfaction. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(4):1689. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18041689. PubMed PMID: 33578713; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC7916464. ##
- Cale L. Physical Education: At the Centre of Physical Activity Promotion in Schools. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023;20(11):6033. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20116033. PubMed PMID: 37297637; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC10252374. ##
- Bailey R. Physical education and sport in schools: a review of benefits and outcomes. J Sch Health. 2006;76(8):397-401. doi: 10.1111/j.1746-1561.2006.00132.x. PubMed PMID: 16978162. ##
- Khajeaflaton Mofrad S. Impact of a Novelty-based Intervention in Physical Education on Motivation and Physical Activity of Children with ADHD. Phys Act Child. 2024;1(1):6-13. doi: 10.61186/pach.198541. ##
- Gholami A. The Integration of Spiritual Curriculum into Primary School Physical Education in Relation to Transformational Teaching Approaches. Phys Act Child. 2024;1(1):14-20. doi: 10.61186/pach.416547.1005. ##
- Zaborova V, Voronov A, Shestakov D. Effects of Supporting the Need for Novelty in Physical Education on Students’ Motivation and Intention to Participate in Physical Activity. Phys Act Child. 2024;1(1):28-32. doi: 10.61186/pach.424305.1007. ##
- Mahindru A, Patil P, Agrawal V. Role of Physical Activity on Mental Health and Well-Being: A Review. Cureus. 2023;15(1):e33475. doi: 10.7759/cureus.33475. PubMed PMID: 36756008; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC9902068. ##
- Donnelly S, Penny K, Kynn M. The effectiveness of physical activity interventions in improving higher education students' mental health: A systematic review. Health Promot Int. 2024;39(2):daae027. doi: 10.1093/heapro/daae027. PubMed PMID: 38563387; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC10985680. ##
- Marsigliante S, Gómez-López M, Muscella A. Effects on Children's Physical and Mental Well-Being of a Physical-Activity-Based School Intervention Program: A Randomized Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023;20(3):1927. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20031927. PubMed PMID: 36767292; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC9915543. ##
- Büssing A, Michalsen A, Khalsa SB, Telles S, Sherman KJ. Effects of yoga on mental and physical health: a short summary of reviews. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2012;2012:165410. doi: 10.1155/2012/165410. PubMed PMID: 23008738; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3447533. ##
- Khunti K, Boniface S, Norris E, De Oliveira CM, Shelton N. The effects of yoga on mental health in school-aged children: A Systematic Review and Narrative Synthesis of Randomised Control Trials. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2023;28(3):1217-1238. doi: 10.1177/13591045221136016. PubMed PMID: 36302735; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC10280666. ##
- Treves IN, Li CE, Wang KL, Ozernov-Palchik O, Olson HA, Gabrieli JDE. Mindfulness supports emotional resilience in children during the COVID-19 pandemic. PLoS One. 2023;18(7):e0278501. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0278501. PubMed PMID: 37437077; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC10337965. ##
- Khanbeiki A. The Effects of Mindfulness Training in the Physical Education on Intention to Physical Activity, Mental Health and Academic Performance among High-School Students. Phys Act Child. 2024;1(1):68-73. doi: 10.61186/pach.2024.470015.1022. ##
- Mesman E, Vreeker A, Hillegers M. Resilience and mental health in children and adolescents: an update of the recent literature and future directions. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2021;34(6):586-592. doi: 10.1097/YCO.0000000000000741. PubMed PMID: 34433193; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC8500371. ##
- Yuan Y. Mindfulness training on the resilience of adolescents under the COVID-19 epidemic: A latent growth curve analysis. Pers Individ Dif. 2021;172:110560. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2020.110560. PubMed PMID: 33518868; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC7831962. ##
- Colgan DD, Christopher M, Bowen S, Brems C, Hunsinger M, Tucker B, et al. Mindfulness-based Wellness and Resilience intervention among interdisciplinary primary care teams: a mixed-methods feasibility and acceptability trial. Prim Health Care Res Dev. 2019;20:e91. doi: 10.1017/S1463423619000173. PubMed PMID: 32799970; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6609991. ##
- Barbayannis G, Bandari M, Zheng X, Baquerizo H, Pecor KW, Ming X. Academic Stress and Mental Well-Being in College Students: Correlations, Affected Groups, and COVID-19. Front Psychol. 2022;13:886344. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.886344. PubMed PMID: 35677139; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC9169886. ##
- Córdova A, Caballero-García A, Drobnic F, Roche E, Noriega DC. Influence of Stress and Emotions in the Learning Process: The Example of COVID-19 on University Students: A Narrative Review. Healthcare. 2023;11(12):1787. doi: 10.3390/healthcare11121787. PubMed PMID: 37372905; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC10298416. ##
- Schonert-Reichl KA, Oberle E, Lawlor MS, Abbott D, Thomson K, Oberlander TF, et al. Enhancing cognitive and social-emotional development through a simple-to-administer mindfulness-based school program for elementary school children: a randomized controlled trial. Dev Psychol. 2015;51(1):52-66. doi: 10.1037/a0038454. PubMed PMID: 25546595; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4323355. ##
- Dunning D, Tudor K, Radley L, Dalrymple N, Funk J, Vainre M, et al. Do mindfulness-based programmes improve the cognitive skills, behaviour and mental health of children and adolescents? An updated meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Evid Based Ment Health. 2022;25(3):135–42. doi: 10.1136/ebmental-2022-300464. PubMed PMID: 35820989; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC9340039. ##
- Sanger KL, Dorjee D. Mindfulness training for adolescents: A neurodevelopmental perspective on investigating modifications in attention and emotion regulation using event-related brain potentials. Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci. 2015;15(3):696-711. doi: 10.3758/s13415-015-0354-7. PubMed PMID: 25846954; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4526594. ##
- Dunning DL, Griffiths K, Kuyken W, Crane C, Foulkes L, Parker J, et al. Research Review: The effects of mindfulness-based interventions on cognition and mental health in children and adolescents - a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2019;60(3):244-258. doi: 10.1111/jcpp.12980. PubMed PMID: 30345511; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6546608. ##
- Delgado-Montoro R, Ferriz-Valero A, García-Taibo O, Baena-Morales S. Integrating Mindfulness into the Subject of Physical Education-An Opportunity for the Development of Students' Mental Health. Healthcare. 2022;10(12):2551. doi: 10.3390/healthcare10122551. PubMed PMID: 36554074; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC9778815. ##
- Baaziz M, Aloui A, Tayech A, Stults-Kolehmainen M, Mejri MA, Ben Abderrahman A. Transcultural validation of the "revised sport motivation scale" (SMS-II) in Arabic language: Exploratory study on motivation in sport for a sample of Tunisian Athletes. PLoS One. 2023;18(11):e0295262. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295262. PubMed PMID: 38033105; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC10688960. ##
- Hagger MS, Chatzisarantis N, Biddle SJ. The influence of self-efficacy and past behaviour on the physical activity intentions of young people. J Sports Sci. 2001;19(9):711-25. doi: 10.1080/02640410152475847. PubMed PMID: 11522147. ##
- Aubert S, Brazo-Sayavera J, González SA, Janssen I, Manyanga T, Oyeyemi AL, et al. Global prevalence of physical activity for children and adolescents; inconsistencies, research gaps, and recommendations: a narrative review. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2021;18(1):81. doi: 10.1186/s12966-021-01155-2. PubMed PMID: 34187486; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC8243483. ##
- Guthold R, Stevens GA, Riley LM, Bull FC. Global trends in insufficient physical activity among adolescents: a pooled analysis of 298 population-based surveys with 1·6 million participants. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2020;4(1):23-35. doi: 10.1016/S2352-4642(19)30323-2. PubMed PMID: 31761562; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6919336. ##
- Ruegsegger GN, Booth FW. Health Benefits of Exercise. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2018;8(7):a029694. doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a029694. PubMed PMID: 28507196; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6027933. ##
- Warburton DER, Bredin SSD. Health benefits of physical activity: a systematic review of current systematic reviews. Curr Opin Cardiol. 2017;32(5):541-556. doi: 10.1097/HCO.0000000000000437. PubMed PMID: 28708630. ##
- Dhuli K, Naureen Z, Medori MC, Fioretti F, Caruso P, Perrone MA, et al. Physical activity for health. J Prev Med Hyg. 2022;63(2 Suppl 3):E150-E159. doi: 10.15167/2421-4248/jpmh2022.63.2S3.2756. PubMed PMID: 36479484; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC9710390. ##
- Langer ÁI, Medeiros S, Valdés-Sánchez N, Brito R, Steinebach C, Cid-Parra C, et al. A Qualitative Study of a Mindfulness-Based Intervention in Educational Contexts in Chile: An Approach Based on Adolescents' Voices. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(18):6927. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17186927. PubMed PMID: 32971936; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC7558476. ##
|