Effective Swallowing Rehabilitation Strategies in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis Suffering from Dysphagia; A Review of Literature

1. Compston A, Coles A. Multiple sclerosis. Lancet.
2002;6;359(9313):1221-31.
2. Thompson AJ. The effectiveness of neurological rehabilitation in
multiple sclerosis. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2000;37(4):455-61.
3. Kamm CP, Uitdehaag BM, Polman CH. Multiple sclerosis: current
knowledge and future outlook. Eur Neurol. 2014;72(3-4):132-41.
4. Koch-Henriksen N, Sørensen PS. The changing demographic
pattern of multiple sclerosis epidemiology. Lancet Neurol.
2010;9(5):520-32.
5. Eskandarieh S, Heydarpour P, Elhami SR, Sahraian MA.
Prevalence and Incidence of Multiple Sclerosis in Tehran, Iran.
Iran J Public Health. 2017;46(5):699-704.
6. Kesselring J, Beer S. Symptomatic therapy and neurorehabilitation
in multiple sclerosis. Lancet Neurol. 2005;4(10):643-52.
7. Bergamaschi R, Crivelli P, Rezzani C, Patti F, Solaro C, Rossi P,
et al. The DYMUS questionnaire for the assessment of dysphagia
in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci. 2008;269(1-2):49-53.
8. Freeman JA, Langdon DW, Hobart JC, Thompson AJ. The impact
of inpatient rehabilitation on progressive multiple sclerosis. Ann
Neurol. 1997;42(2):236-44.
9. Helland CB, Holmoy T, Gulbrandsen P. Barriers and Facilitators
Related to Rehabilitation Stays in Multiple Sclerosis: A Qualitative
Study. Int J MS Care. 2015;17(3):122-9.
10. Kraft GH. Rehabilitation still the only way to improve function
in multiple sclerosis. Lancet. 1999;354(9195):2016-7.
11. Tacchino A, Brichetto G, Zaratin P, Battaglia MA, Ponzio M.
Multiple sclerosis and rehabilitation: an overview of the different
rehabilitation settings. Ital J Neurol Sci. 2017;38(12):2131-8.
12. Thompson AJ. Symptomatic management and rehabilitation in
multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2001;71(Suppl
2):ii22-7.
13. Vanbellingen T, Kamm CP. Neurorehabilitation Topics in
Patients with Multiple Sclerosis: From Outcome Measurements
to Rehabilitation Interventions. Semin Neurol. 2016;36(2):196-202.
14. Abraham S, Scheinberg LC, Smith CR, LaRocca NG. Neurologic
impairment and disability status in outpatients with multiple
sclerosis reporting dysphagia symptomatology. J Neurol Rehabil.
1997;11(1):7-13.
15. Printza A, Triaridis S, Kalaitzi M, Nikolaidis I, Bakirtzis C,
Constantinidis J, et al. Dysphagia Prevalence, Attitudes, and
Related Quality of Life in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis.
Dysphagia. 2020;35(4):677-84.
16. Alali D, Ballard K, Bogaardt H. Treatment Effects for Dysphagia in
Adults with Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review. Dysphagia.
2016;31(5):610-8.
17. Beckmann Y, Cakir A, Gurgor N, Secil Y, Arici S, Incesu TK, et al.
Dysphagia limit in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci. 2015;357:E299.
18. Calcagno P, Ruoppolo G, Grasso MG, De Vincentiis M, Paolucci
S. Dysphagia in multiple sclerosis - prevalence and prognostic
factors. Acta Neurol Scand. 2002;105(1):40-3.
19. Giusti A, Giambuzzi M. Management of dysphagia in patients
affected by multiple sclerosis: state of the art. Ital J Neurol Sci.
2008;29(Suppl 4):S364-6.
20. Poorjavad M, Derakhshandeh F, Etemadifar M, Soleymani B,
Minagar A, Maghzi AH. Oropharyngeal dysphagia in multiple
sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2010;16(3):362-5.
21. Solaro C, Rezzani C, Bergamaschi R, Dymus G. Prevalence of
Dysphagia in Multiple Sclerosis: An Italian Multicenter Study.
Neurology. 2009;72(11):A375-A.
22. Solaro C, Rezzani C, Trabucco E, Amato MP, Zipoli V, Portaccio
E, et al. Prevalence of patient-reported dysphagia in multiple
sclerosis patients: An Italian multicenter study (using the DYMUS
questionnaire). J Neurol Sci. 2013;331(1-2):94-7.
23. Tassorelli C, Bergamaschi R, Buscone S, Bartolo M, Furnari A,
Crivelli P, et al. Dysphagia in multiple sclerosis: from pathogenesis
to diagnosis. Neurol Sci. 2008;29(4):S360-S3.
24. Thomas FJ, Wiles CM. Dysphagia and nutritional status in
multiple sclerosis. J Neurol. 1999;246(8):677-82.
25. Guan XL, Wang H, Huang HS, Meng L. Prevalence of dysphagia
in multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Neurol Sci. 2015;36(5):671-81.
26. Tarameshlu M, Azimi AR, Ghelichi L, Ansari NN. Prevalence
and predictors of dysphagia in Iranian patients with multiple
sclerosis. Med J Islam Repub Iran. 2017;31(1):133.
27. Furlong PL, Hobson A, Aziz Q, Barnes G, Singh KD, Hillebrand
A, et al. Dissociating the spatio-temporal characteristics of cortical
neuronal activity associated with human volitional swallowing in
the healthy adult brain. Neuroimage. 2004;22(4):1447-55.
28. Hamdy S, Rothwell JC, Aziz Q, Thompson DG. Organization and
reorganization of human swallowing motor cortex: implications
for recovery after stroke. Clin Sci. 2000;99(2):151-7.
29. Brown TR, Kraft GH. Exercise and Rehabilitation for Individuals
with Multiple Sclerosis. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am.
2005;16(2):513-55.
30. O’Neil KH, Purdy M, Falk J, Gallo L. The Dysphagia Outcome
and Severity Scale. Dysphagia. 1999;14(3):139-45.
31. Giusti A, Giambuzzi M. Management of dysphagia in patients affected by multiple sclerosis: state of the art. Neurol Sci.
2008;29(4):S364-S6.
32. De Pauw A, Dejaeger E, D’Hooghe B, Carton H. Dysphagia in
multiple sclerosis. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2002;104(4):345-51.
33. Borucki S, Dietz M, Simon G, M A. Videofluoroscopy in
the evaluation of dysphagia in multiple sclerosis. Neurology.
1991;41(Suppl 1):427.
34. Abraham S, Scheinberg L, Smith T. Disordered deglutition and
dysphonia in multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 1994;44(Suppl 2):S185.
35. Sumelahti ML, Hakama M, Elovaara I, Pukkala E. Causes of death
among patients with multiple sclerosis. J Mult Scler. (Houndmills,
Basingstoke, England). 2010;16(12):1437-42.
36. Leder SB, Sasaki CT, Burrell MI. Fiberoptic endoscopic
evaluation of dysphagia to identify silent aspiration. Dysphagia.
1998;13(1):19-21.
37. D’Amico E, Zanghì A, Serra A, Murabito P, Zappia M, Patti F, et
al. Management of dysphagia in multiple sclerosis: current best
practice. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019;13(1):47-54.
38. The Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) Diagnostic
Checklist. Available from: https://casp-uk.net/wp-content/
uploads/2018/01/CASP-Diagnostic-Checklist-2018.pdf.
39. Grasso MG, Troisi E, Rizzi F, Morelli D, Paolucci S. Prognostic
factors in multidisciplinary rehabilitation treatment in multiple
sclerosis: an outcome study. J Mult Scler. 2005;11(6):719-24.
40. Khan F, Turner-Stokes L, Ng L, Kilpatrick T. Multidisciplinary
rehabilitation for adults with multiple sclerosis. Postgrad Med J.
2008;84(1):385.
41. Liberatore G, Clarelli F, Nuara A, Ungaro D, Gatti R, Rovaris M,
et al. Predictors of effectiveness of multidisciplinary rehabilitation
treatment on motor dysfunction in multiple sclerosis. J Mult Scler.
2014;20(7):862-70.
42. Salhofer-Polanyi S, Windt J, Sumper H, Grill H, Essmeister
M, Diermayr G, et al. Benefits of inpatient multidisciplinary
rehabilitation in multiple sclerosis. Int J Neurorehabil.
2013;33(2):285-92.
43. Gl. L. Rehabilitation for dysphagia paralytica. J Speech Hear
Disord. 1972;37(2);187-94.
44. GL. L. Conservative management for incomplete dysphagia
paralytica. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1973;54(4):180-5.
45. Schroter-Morasch H, Bartolome G. Swallowing disorders:
pathophysiology and rehabilitation of neurogenic dysphagia. Int
J Neurorehabil. 1998;10(3):169-89.
46. Robbins J, Butler SG, Daniels SK, Gross RD, Langmore S, Lazarus
CL, et al. Swallowing and dysphagia rehabilitation: Translating
principles of neural plasticity into clinically oriented evidence. J
Speech Lang Hear Res. 2008;51(1):S276-S300.
47. Smith SK, Roddam H, Sheldrick H. Rehabilitation or
compensation: time for a fresh perspective on speech and
language therapy for dysphagia and Parkinson’s disease?
Int J Lang Commun Disord. 2012;47(4):351-64.
48. Rogus-Pulia N, Robbins J. Approaches to the rehabilitation of
dysphagia in acute poststroke patients. Semin Speech Lang.
2013;34(3):154-69.
49. Logemann J. Management of the patient with disordered oral
feeding. In: Logemann JA (1st ed.): Evaluation and Treatment of
Swallowing Disorders. Austin: pro-Ed. 1983.
50. Tarameshlu M, Ghelichi L, Azimi AR, Ansari NN, Khatoonabadi
AR. The effect of traditional dysphagia therapy on the swallowing
function in patients with Multiple Sclerosis: A pilot double-blinded
randomized controlled trial. J Bodyw Mov Ther. 2019;23(1):171–6.
51. Ney DM, Weiss JM, Kind AJ, Robbins J. Senescent swallowing:
impact, strategies, and interventions. Nutr Clin Pract.
2009;24(3):395-413.
52. Drake W, Odonoghue S, Bartram C, Lindsay J, Greenwood
R. Eating in side-lying facilitates rehabilitation in neurogenic
dysphagia. Brain Inj. 1997;11(2):137-42.
53. Murphy BA, Gilbert J. Dysphagia in Head and Neck Cancer
Patients Treated With Radiation: Assessment, Sequelae, and
Rehabilitation. Semin Radiat Oncol. 2009;19(1):35-42.
54. Pauloski BR. Rehabilitation of Dysphagia Following Head and
Neck Cancer. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 2008;19(4):889-928.
55. Logemann JA, Kahrilas P, Kobara M, Vakil N. The benefit of
head rotation on pharyngoesophageal dysphagia. Arch Phys Med
Rehabil. 1989;70(10):767.
56. Di Pede C, Mantovani ME, Del Felice A, Masiero S. Dysphagia
in the elderly: focus on rehabilitation strategies. Aging Clin Exp
Res. 2016;28(4):607-17.
57. Finestone HM, Greene-Finestone LS. Rehabilitation medicine: 2.
Diagnosis of dysphagia and its nutritional management for stroke
patients. Can Med Assoc J. 2003;169(10):1041-4.
58. Kuhlemeier KV, Palmer JB, Rosenberg D. Effect of liquid bolus
consistency and delivery method on aspiration and pharyngeal
retention in dysphagia patients. Dysphagia. 2001;16(2):119-22.
59. Burkhead LM, Sapienza CM, Rosenbek JC. Strength-training
exercise in dysphagia rehabilitation: principles, procedures, and
directions for future research. Dysphagia. 2007;22(3):251-65.
60. Lazarus C, Logemann JA, Gibbons P. Effects of maneuvers on
swallowing function in a dysphagic oral cancer patient. Head &
neck. 1993;15(5):419-24.
61. Bisch EM, Logemann JA, Rademaker AW, Kahrilas PJ, Lazarus
CL. Pharyngeal effects of bolus volume, viscosity, and temperature
in patients with dysphagia resulting from neurologic impairment
and in normal subjects. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 1994;37(5):1041-9.
62. Logemann JA. Behavioral management for oropharyngeal
dysphagia. Folia Phoniatr. 1999;51(4-5):199-212.
63. Wang Z, Song W-Q, Wang L. Application of noninvasive brain
stimulation for post-stroke dysphagia rehabilitation. Kaohsiung
J Med Sci. 2017;33(2):55-61.
64. Marrosu F, Maleci A, Cocco E, Puligheddu M, Borberini L,
Marrosu MG. Vagal nerve stimulation improves cerebellar
tremor and dysphagia in multiple sclerosis. J Mult Scler.
2007;13(9):1200-2.
65. Momosaki R, Abo M, Kakuda W. Bilateral repetitive transcranial
magnetic stimulation combined with intensive swallowing
rehabilitation for chronic stroke Dysphagia: a case series study.
Case Rep Neurol. 2014;6(1):60-7.
66. Momosaki R, Abo M, Watanabe S, Kakuda W, Yamada N,
Kinoshita S. Repetitive Peripheral Magnetic Stimulation With
Intensive Swallowing Rehabilitation for Poststroke Dysphagia:
An Open-Label Case Series. Neuromodulation. 2015;18(7):630-4.
67. Ouahchi Y, Marie JP, Leroi AM, Verin E. Post stroke dysphagia
rehabilitation by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: a non
controlled pilot study. Fundam Clin Pharmacol. 2008;22(2):9-10.
68. Verin E, Leroi AM. Poststroke dysphagia rehabilitation by
repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: a noncontrolled
pilot study. Dysphagia. 2009;24(2):204-10.
69. Inoue M. Dysphagia Rehabilitation in Japan. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol.
2015;61(Suppl):S72-3.
70. Patterson JM, Brady GC, Roe JWG. Research into the prevention
and rehabilitation of dysphagia in head and neck cancer: a
UK perspective. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg.
2016;24(3):208-14.
71. Restivo DA, Casabona A, Centonze D, Marchese-Ragona R,
Maimone D, Pavone A. Pharyngeal Electrical Stimulation for
Dysphagia Associated with Multiple Sclerosis: A Pilot Study.
Brain Stimul. 2013;6(3):418-23.
72. Bogaardt H, van Dam D, Wever NM, Bruggeman CE, Koops J,
Fokkens WJ. Use of Neuromuscular Electrostimulation in the
Treatment of Dysphagia in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis. Ann
Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2009;118(4):241-6.
73. Cosentino G, Gargano R, Bonura G, Realmuto S, Tocco E,
Ragonese P, et al. Anodal tDCS of the swallowing motor cortex
for treatment of dysphagia in multiple sclerosis: a pilot open-label
study. Ital J Neurol Sci. 2018;39(8):1471-3.
74. Restivo DA, Alfonsi E, Casabona A, Hamdy S, Tassorelli C,
Panebianco M, et al. A pilot study on the efficacy of transcranial
direct current stimulation applied to the pharyngeal motor cortex
for dysphagia associated with brainstem involvement in multiple
sclerosis. Clin Neurophysiol Pract. 2019;130(6):1017-24.
75. Ding R, Larson CR, Logemann JA, Rademaker AW. Surface
electromyographic and electroglottographic studies in normal
subjects under two swallow conditions: normal and during the
Mendelsohn manuever. Dysphagia. 2002;17(1):1-12.
76. Kahrilas PJ, Logemann JA, Krugler C, Flanagan E. Volitional
augmentation of upper esophageal sphincter opening during
swallowing. Am J Physiol. 1991;260(3 Pt 1):G450-6.
77. Kahrilas PJ, Logemann JA, Gibbons P. Food intake by maneuver;
an extreme compensation for impaired swallowing. Dysphagia.
1992;7(3):155-9.
78. McCullough GH, Kamarunas E, Mann GC, Schmidley JW,
Robbins JA, Crary MA. Effects of Mendelsohn maneuver on
measures of swallowing duration post stroke. Top Stroke Rehabil.
2012;19(3):234-43.
79. Crary MA, Classen S, Johnson W. Setting the bar in clinical
research? (Comment on selected recent dysphagia literature:
“rehabilitation of swallowing by exercise in tube-fed patients
with pharyngeal dysphagia secondary to abnormal UES opening”,
Dysphagia 18:64-64, 2003). Dysphagia. 2004;19(1):58-9.
80. Huckabee ML, Cannito MP. Outcomes of swallowing rehabilitation
in chronic brainstem dysphagia: A retrospective evaluation. Dysphagia. 1999;14(2):93-109.
81. Logemann JA, Kahrilas PJ. Relearning to swallow after stroke—
application of maneuvers and indirect biofeedback: a case study.
Neurology. 1990;40(7):1136-1138.
82. Pouderoux P, Kahrilas P. The pharyngoesophageal segment:
Normal structure and function. Dis esophagus. 1995;8(4):233-41.
83. Ekberg O, Olsson R. The pharyngoesophageal segment: Functional
disorders. Dis esophagus. 1995;8(4):252-6.
84. Watts CR. Measurement of Hyolaryngeal Muscle Activation Using
Surface Electromyography for Comparison of Two Rehabilitative
Dysphagia Exercises. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2013;94(12):2542-8.
85. Nowak DA, Linden R, Riecker A. Dysphagia after Stroke Practical
Management in Early Rehabilitation. Aktuelle Neurologie.
2013;40(2):85-9.
86. Easterling C. 25 Years of Dysphagia Rehabilitation: What Have We
Done, What are We Doing, and Where are We Going? Dysphagia.
2017;32(1):50-4.
87. Hind JA, Nicosia MA, Roecker EB, Carnes ML, Robbins J.
Comparison of effortful and noneffortful swallows in healthy
middle-aged and older adults. Arch Phys Med Rehabil.
2001;82(12):1661-5.
88. Lazarus C, Logemann JA, Song CW, Rademaker AW, Kahrilas
PJ. Effects of voluntary maneuvers on tongue base function for
swallowing. Folia Phoniatr. 2002;54(4):171-6.
89. Lever TE, Cox KT, Holbert D, Shahrier M, Hough M, Kelley-
Salamon K. The effect of an effortful swallow on the normal adult
esophagus. Dysphagia. 2007;22(4):312-25.
90. Santoro P, e Silva IL, Cardoso F, Dias E, Beresford H. Evaluation
of the effectiveness of a phonoaudiology program for the
rehabilitation of dysphagia in the elderly. Arch Gerontol Geriatr.
2011;53(1):e61-e6.
91. Ohmae Y, Logemann JA, Hanson DG, Kaiser P, Kahrilas PJ.
Effects of two breath-holding maneuvers on oropharyngeal
swallow. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 1996;105(2):123-31.
92. Carnaby GD, Harenberg L. What is “usual care” in dysphagia
rehabilitation: a survey of USA dysphagia practice patterns.
Dysphagia. 2013;28(4):567-74.
93. Crary MA, Carnaby GD, LaGorio LA, Carvajal PJ. Functional
and physiological outcomes from an exercise-based dysphagia
therapy: a pilot investigation of the McNeill Dysphagia Therapy
Program. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2012;93(7):1173-8.
94. Sia I, Carvajal P, Lacy AA, Carnaby GD, Crary MA. Hyoid
and laryngeal excursion kinematics - magnitude, duration and
velocity - changes following successful exercise-based dysphagia
rehabilitation: MDTP. J Oral Rehabil. 2015;42(5):331-9.
95. Hirata GC, Santos RS. Rehabilitation of oropharyngeal dysphagia
in children with cerebral palsy: A systematic review of the speech
therapy approach. Int Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2012;16(3):396-9.
96. Momosaki R, Yasunaga H, Matsui H, Horiguchi H, Fushimi
K, Abo M. Effect of dysphagia rehabilitation on oral intake in
elderly patients with aspiration pneumonia. Geriatr Gerontol
Int. 2015;15(6):694-9.
97. Ogura E, Matsuyama M, Goto TK, Nakamura Y, Koyano K. Brain
activation during oral exercises used for dysphagia rehabilitation
in healthy human subjects: a functional magnetic resonance
imaging study. Dysphagia. 2012;27(3):353-60.
98. Steele CM. Exercise-Based Approaches to Dysphagia
Rehabilitation. In: Cichero J, Clave P, editors. Stepping Stones
to Living Well with Dysphagia. Nestle Nutr Inst Workshop Ser.
722012. p. 109-17.
99. Tang Y, Shen Q, Wang Y, Lu K, Wang Y, Peng Y. A randomized
prospective study of rehabilitation therapy in the treatment of
radiation-induced dysphagia and trismus. Strahlenther Onkol.
2011;187(1):39-44.
100. Logemann JA. Evaluation and treatment of swallowing disorders.
2nd ed. Austin: Pro-Ed, Inc. 1997.
101. Jacob P, Kahrilas P, Logemann J, Shah V, Ha T. Upper
esophageal sphincter opening and modulation during swallowing.
Gastroenterology. 1989;97(6):1469-78.
102. Cook IJ, Dodds WJ, Dantas RO, Kern MK, Massey BT, Shaker
R, et al. Timing of videofluoroscopic, manometric events, and
bolus transit during the oral and pharyngeal phases of swallowing.
Dysphagia. 1989;4(1):8-15.
103. Shaker R, Easterling C, Kern M, Nitschke T, Massey B, Daniels
S, et al. Rehabilitation of swallowing by exercise in tube-fed
patients with pharyngeal dysphagia secondary to abnormal UES
opening. Gastroenterology. 2002;122(5):1314-21.
104. Shaker R, Kern M, Bardan E, Taylor A, Stewart ET, Hoffmann
RG, et al. Augmentation of deglutitive upper esophageal sphincter
opening in the elderly by exercise. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver
Physiol. 1997;272(6):G1518-G22.